Introduction Ecology – the study of the relationship between organisms and the environment Ecosystems – functional unit of nature encompassing interaction between its biotic and abiotic components. Habitat – surrounding where organisms live. It has abiotic components like rocks, soil, air, water, and …

  Introduction Ball and Socket joint – The rounded end of one bone fits into the cavity of the other bone. Such a joint allows movement in all directions. [Shoulder and arm] Pivot – head joins our neck at a pivot joint. …

  Introduction Soil has the following layers: Topsoil or A-Horizon: Humus, the topmost layer, retains water, and provides shelter to organisms B-Horizon: Middle layer, harder and more compact C-Horizon: Rocky Bedrock: last layer. Soil is clayey if the proportion of fine particles is more, …

  Introduction Herbs – Plants with green and tender stems and almost no branches. E.g: Tomato – Herb Shrubs – Branches near the base, thin but hard stem. E.g: Lemon- shrub Tree– Thick, brown stems. Tall with branches near the top. Mango …

  Introduction 22 March is World water day. UN recommends 50 liters of water per person per day. 2003 was the international year of freshwater observed by the UN. 2005-2015 was the international decade for action on WATER FOR LIFE.71 …

Introduction Homogenous mixtures have a uniform composition throughout e.g. salt water and sugar water, tincture alcohol [iodine+alcohol]. Solid solutions like alloys [brass = zinc + copper] and gaseous solutions like air are possible too. Heterogeneous mixtures have non-uniform composition and physically …

  Introduction Metals are malleable [can be beaten into sheets], ductile [pulled into wires] and conductors of heat and electricity, and sonorous [produce ringing sounds when struck]. Exceptions: lithium, sodium, and potassium [alkali metals] are soft and can be cut; Mercury …

  Introduction    Fabrics like cotton, silk are made of yarns and yarns are made of fibers. Types of Fibers: Natural Fibers: Cotton, jute [plant], silk [cocoon of silkworm], wool [sheep, goats, rabbits, yak, camels hair] are made of fibers of plants and …

  Introduction    Bodies of organisms are made of tiny units called Cells. Cells have an outer boundary called a cell membrane [made up of lipids and proteins], most cells have a nucleus and inside the cell membrane or plasma membrane …

  Introduction Microorganisms are of four types: bacteria [TB, typhoid, cholera, diphtheria, and plague], algae, protozoa [dysentery, malaria], and fungi. Virus [jaundice] reproduces only inside host organisms. Lactobacillus multiplies in milk and turns it into curds. Amoeba is a single-celled …

  Introduction     Blood contains a fluid part called plasma. Red blood cells [erythrocytes] have red pigment hemoglobin which binds oxygen and transports it to all cells. They are formed in the red bone marrow and have a lifetime of 120 days. They are destroyed …

Introduction Components of food necessary for the body are called Nutrients. Organisms that prepare food themselves from simple substances are called Autotrophs and animals that take in ready-made food made by plants are called Heterotrophs. Herbivores: Animals that eat only plants. Carnivores: Animals that …