Introduction Imperialism and World trade had made the entire world become affected by events in some parts. As Europe was the center of trade and colonization a war that broke out in this area would soon spread out and affect …

Introduction The European countries had been the birthplace of the Industrial revolution. But this had also created its ugly version called imperialism. In this, the mother country would dominate the colony politically and economically for its own advantage. This was …

Early Worker’s Movements The industrial revolution created a chain of events that led to Capitalism and then Socialism. Machines were started around the 16th century and means of production could now expand. Trade too was flourishing and there was a …

Revolutionary movements in Europe The French Revolution and the Napoleonic wars had ended and the monarchy was restored in France but the idea of a republic wasn’t crushed. The revolution had inspired protests against Despotism all over the world. The …

The French revolution was linked to the American revolution. It was at a nascent stage while the American Revolution was going on but it had a wider impact than the French revolution.   Reasons for the French Revolution The French …

Renaissance  The era of questioning established beliefs. Every aspect of thoughts and beliefs was questioned. It was an intellectual revolution where all beliefs based on faith were questioned. The scientific revolution was seen and new ideas based on secularism and …

Introduction As the middle ages ended feudalism came to an end in Europe due to Renaissance and other developments. The rise in towns and cities created a demand for goods which in turn stimulated the production of manufactured goods. But …

Introduction The Marathas held important positions in the Deccan sultanate. But Shivaji and his father Shahaji were responsible for the establishment of the Maratha kingdom. The peculiarity of the region like the mountains and the dense forest led them to …

Introduction The Mughals didn’t believe in the right of the eldest son to the throne. This caused conflicts between the successors and caused a loss of manpower. Economy: 1.      The European trading companies came to India in this period. The wealth and …

Introduction Babur was the founder of the Mughal Empire. He captured Kabul from one of his uncles. He wanted to capture India and launched four expeditions for it. When Babur was interested in invading India it had five sultans in …

Introduction Both these kingdoms arose when the control of the Sultanate over the Deccan became weak during the reign of Muhammad- bin-Tughlaq. Both were founded by officers who had rebelled against the Sultanate. By the 15th and early 16th centuries, …

Introduction The coming of Islam to India resulted in many things. One was the exchange of religious ideas between the Hindus and Muslims. This led to the development of two popular religious movements: the Sufi movement and the Bhakti movement. …

Introduction The Delhi sultanate had a powerful administrative system. The authority extended as south as Madurai. It had an impact on the provincial kingdoms and also the Mughal administration. The sultans ran an Islamic Empire and believed themselves to be the …

Introduction The Arab invasions led to the establishment of the Delhi sultanate. This flourished for about three centuries. The Delhi sultanate consisted of: Aibak (Slave), Khilji, Tuglaq, Sayyids, and the Lodis. Slave dynasty: Qutubuddin Aibak was a slave of Mahmud Ghuri …

Introduction Post Harshavardhan era Harshavardhan observed the same system of administration as the Guptas and so when he conquered new kings he would allow them to rule over their kingdoms after they accepted his suzerainty. This led the empire to …

Introduction The complex rituals and sacrifices of the Brahmins in the later Vedic period weren’t acceptable to the common people. The sacrifices and rituals were too expensive and mantras and superstitions confused the people. The teachings of the Upanishads were …