1.In which year, Interim Government of India (Arzi Hukumat-i-Hind) was formed by Subhash Chandra Bose?

[A] 1941
[B] 1942
[C] 1943
[D] 1945

 

Correct Answer: C [1943]

Notes:
In the year 1943 Bose had established provincial government of Azad Hind known as Arzi Hukumat-i-Hind in Singapore. It was supported by Axis powers of imperial Japan, Nazi Germany, Italian Social republic and their allies.
Under provincial government
Bose was PM and minister of war and foreign affairs
Rash Behari Bose was designated as supreme advisor
Capitan Laxmi headed Women’s organisation.

2.Who among the following established Swadesh Bandhab Samiti ?

[A] Ashwini Kumar Datta
[B] Bagha Jatin
[C] Bhavabhushan Mitra
[D] Narendranath Bhattacharya

 

Correct Answer: A [Ashwini Kumar Datta]

Notes:
Swadesh Bandhab Samiti  was founded by Ashwini Kumar Dutta. It aimed to promote the consumption of indigenous products and boycott foreign goods.

3.Plassey, which is famous for the Battle of Plassey, is located in which among the following current states of India?

[A] West Bengal
[B] Bihar
[C] Chhattisgarh
[D] Jharkhand

 

Correct Answer: A [West Bengal]

Notes:
Palashi or Plassey, is a village along the Hooghly River, located about 50 kilometres north of the city of Krishnanagar in the Nadia District of West Bengal. The historic Battle of Plassey was fought on 23 June 1757 between Siraj Ud Daulah and Lord Clive.

4.Who among the following was the author of Anand Math?

[A] Bankim Chandra Chatterjee
[B] Ravindranath Tagore
[C] Raja Ram Mohan Roy
[D] Bal Gangadhar Tilak

 

Correct Answer: A [Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]

Notes:
Anandmath was a novel by Bankim Chandra Chaterjee and published in 1882. The national song of India, Vande Mataram was originally published in this novel. The Sanyasi Rebellion of the late 1700s was the revolt this novel was based upon and was made famous by Bankim Chandra in this novel. Based upon this novel, Anand Math a Hindi Patriotic film was released in 1952. the film was directed by Hemen Gupta.

5.Which one of the following Bengali drama was directed against Polygamy ?

[A] Bhanumati Chittavikas
[B] Kulin Kulasarvasva
[C] Vidhva Vivaha
[D] Nava Natak

 

Correct Answer: B [Kulin Kulasarvasva]

Notes:
It was Kulin Kulasarvasva(“All about a Kulin Clan”) by Pandit Ramnarayan Tarkaratnan. A social satire against the practice of polygamy. It was the first social drama in a regional language(Bengali) attacking Brahmin polygamy, was presented by an aristocratic family in 1857.

6.The name of the operation started by the British Government to arrest the leaders of Quit India Movement was__?

[A] Operation Reander Paste
[B] Operation Zero Hour
[C] Operation Thunderbolt
[D] Operation Blue Star

 

Correct Answer: B [Operation Zero Hour]

Notes:
Operation Zero Hour was started by the British Government to arrest the leaders of Quit India Movement.

7.Who among the following were the main leaders of Khilafat Movement?

[A] Syed Ahmad Khan and Agha khan
[B] Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali
[C] Muhammad Iqbal and Salimullah Khan
[D] Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Sikandar Hayat Khan

Show Answer

8.Who among the following founded Theosophical Society in USA?

[A] Dr. Annie Besant
[B] A. O. Hume
[C] Tilak and Gokhale
[D] Madam Blavatsky and Olcott

 

Correct Answer: D [Madam Blavatsky and Olcott]

Notes:
Madam HP Blavatsky ,a Russian woman & Col. H.S Olcott ,an American ,founded the Theosophical Society in Newyork in 1875 . They advocated the revival & strengthening of ancient religions of Hinduism.

9.Which governor of Madras had signed a treaty with Tipu?

[A] George MaCartney
[B] Sir Archibald Campbell
[C] William Medows
[D] Sir Charles Oakeley

 

Correct Answer: A [George MaCartney]

Notes:
George MaCartney, the governor of Madras had signed a treaty with Tipu Sultan, the Sultan of Mysore on 11 March 1784. Both Parties gave up the territories which were acquired during battle.

10.Which among the following had an objective of introducing the self-governing institutions to India?

[A] Indian Council Act 1909
[B] Mont-Ford Reforms
[C] Cabinet Mission
[D] Government of India Act 1935

 

Correct Answer: B [Mont-Ford Reforms]

Notes:
Government of India Act, 1919 is also known as Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms which was introduced by the colonial government in British India. It came into force in the year 1921. One of the objectives of the act was to introduce self-governing institutions gradually in India.

11.Which among the following organizations during India’s independence struggle emerged as an offshoot to Anushilan Samiti?

[A] Indian National Congress
[B] Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
[C] Home Rule Movement
[D] Hindustan Republican Association

 

Correct Answer: D [Hindustan Republican Association]

Notes:
In the year 1923, the Hindustan Republican Association, was founded by Sachindranath Sanyal and Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee in Banaras. The organization had a link with Anushilan Samiti. The rain robbery in Kakori was conducted by the Hindustan Republican Association on 9 August 1925.

12.Who among the following presided the first session of Indian National Congress 1885?

[A] W C Bannerjee
[B] Dadabhai Naoroji
[C] Badrudddin Taiyabji
[D] George Yule

 

Correct Answer: A [W C Bannerjee]

Notes:
The first session of the Indian National Congress was held from 28-31 december,1885 at Gokul Das Tejpal Sanskrit College, Bombay and was attended by 72 delegates. Its president was Womesh Chandra Banerjee

13.Which among the following act was known as the Anarchical and Revolutionary Crime act 1919?

[A] Indian Arms Act
[B] Pitts India Act
[C] Ilbert Bill
[D] Rowlatt Act

 

Correct Answer: D [Rowlatt Act]

Notes:
Please note that this act triggered the Rowlatt Satyagraha. Gandhi ji called it a Black act and it took away the Habeas Corpus which forms the basis of Civil Liberties in England.

14.The term “Bleeding Madras” is related to which among the following?

[A] An event during the First war of Independence
[B] A Newspaper published in British Era
[C] A type of Cloth
[D] A type of Plant

 

Correct Answer: C [A type of Cloth]

15.Which among the following Treaty left Raghunath Rao retire on Pension?

[A] Treaty of Bassein
[B] Treaty of Salbai
[C] Treaty of Poona
[D] Treaty of Madras

 

Correct Answer: B [Treaty of Salbai]

Notes:
The Treaty of Salbai was signed on 17 May 1782, between the Maratha Empire and the British East India Company. As per the treaty, the British accepted Madhav Rao Narayan as the Peshwa. Raghunath Rao was granted a scholarship of Rs. 3 lakhs per annum. The English acquired Salsette and some parts of Bombay. They returned the captured Maratha territory.

16.Who among the following founded a National Press, National Paper, National Society, National School, National Theatre, National Store, National Gymnasium and National Circus making the term “National” popular in British India?

[A] Devendra Nath Tagore
[B] Jyotindra Nath Tagore
[C] Nabagopal Mitra
[D] Rajnarayan Basu

 

Correct Answer: C [Nabagopal Mitra]

Notes:
Nabagopal Mitra was a poet, essayist, patriot and one of the proprietors of Hindu nationalism. Hindu mela was founded by him. He also founded National Society, National School, National Press, National Paper, National Theatre, National Store, National Gymnasium and that is why he was called as ‘National Mitra’.

17.Who among the following is known for the famous quote “an uncontrolled pen serves but to destroy”.?

[A] Jawahar Lal Nehru
[B] Mahatma Gandhi
[C] Leo Tolstoy
[D] Rabindranath Tagore

 

Correct Answer: B [Mahatma Gandhi]

Notes:
The name of the autobiography of Gandhiji is “The Story of My Experiments with Truth”. It was published in 1927. In this book he wrote “In the very first month of Indian Opinion, I realised that the sole aim of journalism should be service. The newspaper press is a great power, but just as an unchained torrent of water submerges whole countryside and devastates crops, even so an uncontrolled pen serves but to destroy”.

18.During whose viceroyship the Muslim League was founded?

[A] Lord Hardinge II
[B] Lord Chelmsford
[C] Lord Reading
[D] Lord Minto II

 

Correct Answer: D [Lord Minto II]

Notes:
The Muslim League (1906) was founded during the viceroyship of Lord Minto II.

19.Which of the following was / were the provisions of the Rowlatt Acts?

1. Stricter control of the press
2. Arrests without warrant
3. Indefinite detention without trial
4. In camera trials of political prisoners

Select the correct statements from the codes given below:

[A] Only 1 & 2
[B] Only 2 & 3
[C] Only 1, 2 & 3
[D] 1, 2, 3 & 4

 

Correct Answer: D [ 1, 2, 3 & 4 ]

Notes:
The Rowlatt Acts, which were intended to crush subversive movements, provided for stricter control of the press, arrests without warrant, indefinite detention without trial, and in camera trials of political prisoners, without juries. These Acts moreover denied the accused the right to know who his accusers were or to challenge the evidence on which he was being tried, and required ex-political
offenders to deposit securities and forbade them from taking part in any political, educational, or religious activities. (Making of India, Ranvir Vohra)

20.Government of India Act 1935 derived material from which of the following?

1. Simon Report
2. Discussions at the Third Round Table Conference
3. White Paper of 1933
4. Reports of the Joint select committees

Select the correct option from the codes given below:

[A] Only 1
[B] 1 & 2
[C] 1, 2 & 3
[D] 1, 2, 3 & 4

 

Correct Answer: D [ 1, 2, 3 & 4 ]

Notes:
The third round table conference was convened in London from November 17 to 24 year 1932. A white paper was issue in the year March 1933. The details of the working basis of the new constitution of India were enumerated in the white paper. It was declared that according to the new constitution, there would be dyarchy at the centre and secretary of state of India, which subsequently passed and enacted as the Government of India Act, 1935. Thus, the Act of 1935 came into existence as a result of third round table conference. The act drew its materials from Simon Report, the discussions of the three round table conferences, the details enumerated in the white paper and the report of the joint select committees. The most significant of the act was ; provision for the establishment of a federation of India ; to be made up of both British India and some or all of the princely states.

21.Balaji Biswanath died in which year?

[A] 1714
[B] 1718
[C] 1720
[D] 1725

 

Correct Answer: C [1720]

Notes:
In the year 1719 Balaji Biswanath asked for leave from Shahu due to his ill health. Later he died in the year 1720 (12th April). After his death, Bajirao I (Son of Balaji Biswanath) was appointed the Peshwa of Shahu.

22.Which among the following is/ are the reasons for the failure of the great revolt of 1857?
1. Not every class joined the movement
2. Lack of modern arms
3. Not having a strong leader
4. Limited territorial participation
Choose the correct option from the codes given below :

[A] 1 only
[B] 1, 2 & 3
[C] 2, 3 & 4
[D] 1, 2, 3 & 4

 

Correct Answer: D [1, 2, 3 & 4]

Notes:
The main reasons for the failure of the great revolt of 1857- Modern educated citizens of India did not join the revolt. Classes like Zamindars even acted against the revolt. The revolt was limited to only some territories of India. Leaders like Tatya Tope, Nana Saheb, Kunwar Singh, Laxmibai were not armed with modern equipment. The main leader Bahadur Shah Zafar was very old was no match to the strong power of the British.

23.Which of the following events took place during the viceroyship of Lord Lytton?
1. Vernacular Press Act was passed
2. Treaty of Gandamark was signed
3. Dramatic Performance Act was passed
4. Indian National Association was established
Choose the correct option from the codes given below :

[A] 1 & 2
[B] 1, 2 & 3
[C] 1, 3 & 4
[D] 1, 2, 3 & 4

 

Correct Answer: D [1, 2, 3 & 4]

Notes:
Vernacular Press Act was passed in the year 1878. Treaty of Gandamark was signed between Yaqub Khan of Afghanistan and Sir Louis Cavagnari in the year 1879. The Dramatic Performances Act was passed in the year 1876. Indian National Association was established in the year 1876 by Surendranath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose.

24.First Famine code was formulated in which year?

[A] 1881
[B] 1883
[C] 1885
[D] 1889

 

Correct Answer: B [1883]

Notes:
The first famine code was formulated in the year 1883 by the British Commission during the viceroyship of Lord Ripon. It was actually precautionary measures and necessary instructions to be followed during a Famine.

25.Which among the following Agricultural reforms were taken by Lord Curzon?
1. He was in favour of applying the scientific method to agriculture
2. He set up an Agricultural Research Institute at Pusa
3. He appointed an Inspector-General ranked officer in Agriculture
4. He appointed a commission for the betterment of irrigation
Choose the correct option from the codes given below :

[A] 2 & 3
[B] 1, 2 & 3
[C] 1, 3 & 4
[D] 1, 2, 3 & 4

 

Correct Answer: D [1, 2, 3 & 4]

Notes:
So many reforms in the Agriculture sector of India were taken by Lord Curzon. He was always in favour of applying scientific methods to agriculture. He appointed an Inspector-General ranked officer in Agriculture. He set up an Agricultural Research Institute at Pusa (Delhi) to solve the difficulties of tropical agriculture. In the year 1901, He appointed a commission for the betterment of irrigation.

26.Indian Coinage and Paper Currency act (1899) was passed during the time of which of the following viceroys?

[A] Lord Ripon
[B] Lord Lytton
[C] Lord Hardinge II
[D] Lord Curzon

 

Correct Answer: D [Lord Curzon]

Notes:
Indian Coinage and Paper Currency act (1899) was passed during the time of Lord Curzon. It established a rupee ratio and the gold exchange standard.

27.The Partition of Bengal was announced on which date?

[A] 19th July 1905
[B] 19th April 1905
[C] 16th May 1905
[D] 16th October 1905

 

Correct Answer: A [19th July 1905]

Notes:
The Partition of Bengal was announced on 19th July 1905 during the time of Lord Curzon. It was declared to be commenced from 16th October.

28.Hilton Young Commission was appointed during the viceroyship of who of the following?

[A] Lord Lawrence
[B] Lord Hardinge II
[C] Lord Reading
[D] Lord Minto II

 

Correct Answer: C [Lord Reading]

Notes:
Hilton Young Commission was appointed for the reformation of Indian Currency and Finance in the year 1920. Lord Reading was the then Viceroy of India.

29.First Independence Day was celebrated on which date?

[A] 26th November 1930
[B] 26th January 1930
[C] 15th August 1930
[D] 15th August 1947

 

Correct Answer: B [26th January 1930]

Notes:
The first Independence Day was celebrated on 26th January 1930. It was decided by the Congress Working Committee that this day was to be celebrated as Independence Day until the attainment of the complete Independence.

30.Gandhiji supported the Khilafat Movement because of which of the following reason?

[A] Hindu Muslim unity
[B] He wanted to lead the Muslim movements
[C] To negotiate with the British
[D] None of the above

 

Correct Answer: A [Hindu Muslim unity]

Notes:
Gandhiji supported the Khilafat movement to unite Hindu and the Muslims. But in the year 1924, the post of Caliph was abolished and the Khilafat movement lost its importance.

 

31.Which one among the following was not true about Marthanda Verma, the Kerala king?

[A] He ruled over Travancore
[B] He subdued the feudatories
[C] He gave heavy bribes to the European officers to maintain peace
[D] He organised a strong modern army

 

Correct Answer: C [He gave heavy bribes to the European officers to maintain peace]

Notes:
Anizham Thirunal Veerabaala Marthanda Varma ruled the kingdom of Travancore from 1729 until his death in 1758. He was the only Indian King to beat the European armed force at the Battle of Colachel which was fought against the Dutch in 1741 CE.

32.Which of the following was the immediate cause of attack on Calcutta in 1756 by Nawab Siraj-ud-Daula?

[A] Refusal of the English Company to pay the overdue trade tax.
[B] The English conspired against the Nawab with a view to depose him from the Throne.
[C] Siraj-ud-Daula wanted to drive out the English from Bengal.
[D] Refusal of the English to demolish the fortification of Calcutta.

 

Correct Answer: D [Refusal of the English to demolish the fortification of Calcutta.]

Notes:
The immediate cause of attack on Calcutta in 1756 by Nawab Siraj-ud-Daula was the refusal of the English to demolish the fortification of Calcutta. Other reasons were that the English strengthened the fortification around the Fort William without any intimation and approval and they grossly abused the trade privileges granted to them by the Mughal rulers.

33.Which of the following was the founder of the renowned Presidency College (Former Hindu College) of Calcutta?

[A] Nathaniel Wallich
[B] Raja Ram Mohan Roy
[C] Devendra Nath Tagore
[D] William Carey

 

Correct Answer: B [Raja Ram Mohan Roy]

Notes:
?Raja Ram Mohan Roy was the founder of the renowned Presidency College of Calcutta. Initially established as the Mahapathshala wing of Hindu College, it was renamed Presidency College, i.e. the college of the Bengal Presidency, in 1855.

34.Who was chosen as the second Satyagrahi of the individual Satyagraha after Vinoba Bhave?

[A] Dr. Rajendra Prasad
[B] Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru
[C] C. Rajgopalachari
[D] Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

 

Correct Answer: B [Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru]

Notes:
Vinoba Bhave was chosen by Mahatma Gandhi as the first Satyagrahi in the individual Satyagraha which was initiated in 1940. Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru was the second Satyagrahi.

35.At which of the following places a Provisional Government of India with Raja Mahendra Pratap as its president was established during the First World War?

[A] Afghanistan
[B] Germany
[C] Singapore
[D] Turkey

 

Correct Answer: A [Afghanistan]

Notes:
A Provisional Government of India with Raja Mahendra Pratap as its President was established during the First World War in Afghanistan.

36.Which of the following was the leader of the ‘Red Shirt Party’?

[A] Mahatma Gandhi
[B] Maulana Azad
[C] Jawahar Lal Nehru
[D] Abdul Gaffar Khan

 

Correct Answer: D [Abdul Gaffar Khan]

Notes:
Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan, also called Badshah Khan and Frontier Gandhi had organised a volunteer brigade ‘Khudai Khidmatgars’, popularly known as the ‘Red Shirts’ who were pledged to the freedom struggle and non-violence.

37.Which of the following statements are correct?
1. Partition of Bengal tool place in 1905.
2. Chauri-Chaura Incident took place in 1922.
3.  First Round Table Conference took place from November 1930 – January 1931.
Select the correct option from the codes given below:

[A] Only 1
[B] Only 1 & 2
[C] Only 2 & 3
[D] 1, 2 & 3

 

Correct Answer: D [1, 2 & 3]

Notes:
Partition of Bengal took place in 1905. Chauri-Chaura Incident took place in 1922. First Round Table Conference took place from November 1930 – January 1931.

38.In 1670s, two judicial systems were established under watch of Gerald Aungier at which of the following towns?

[A] Calcutta
[B] Madras
[C] Bombay
[D] Surat

 

Correct Answer: C [Bombay]

Notes:
Gerald Aungier, the Second Governor of Bombay, took keen interest in establishing a judicial system there. During this period two judicial systems were established. The first Judicial system in Bombay was-established in 1670 which created the wing types of courts viz. Court of Custom Officer and Court of Deputy Governor- in-Council. This was done to facilitate the smooth running of the territory.

39.The first step of integrating the smaller states was carried out between which of the following time period?

[A] 1947-1949
[B] 1947- 1952
[C] 1948-1950
[D] 1948-1952

 

Correct Answer: A [1947-1949]

Notes:
The first step of integrating the smaller states was carried out between 1947-1949. The first step was intended for the smaller, non-viable state. But few larger states mainly located at the boundary area were also asked to sign Merger Agreements.

40.Which amendment of the Indian constitution withdrew official recognition of all official symbols of princely India?

[A] 7th Amendment
[B] 26th amendment
[C] 42nd mendment
[D] 44th Amendment

 

Correct Answer: B [26th amendment]

Notes:
The official recognition of all official symbols of princely India was withdrawn by the 26th Amendment of 1971. Titles, privileges were also withdrawn and it abolished the remuneration of the princes by the privy purses.

41.Which of the following was the British resident in Awadh at the time of its annexation into British dominion?

[A] Bishop R. Heber
[B] Colonel Napier
[C] James Outram
[D] W.H. Sleeman

 

Correct Answer: C [James Outram]

Notes:
Lieutenant-General Sir James Outram was an English general who fought in the Indian Rebellion of 1857. He was the British resident in Awadh at the time of its annexation into British dominion.

42.What was the share of Zamindar in the permanent settlement system?

[A] 1/4
[B] 1/6
[C] 1/11
[D] 1/2

 

Correct Answer: C [1/11]

Notes:
In the Permanent settlement, the share of Zamindar stood at 1/11. The Zamindar was required to pay about 89 per cent (10/11) of what he received as land revenue to the government and retain 11 per cent (1/11) with himself for his service.

43.Who among the following Generals has also been called “Heaven Born General”?

[A] Francis Dupleix
[B] Robert Clive
[C] Albuquerque
[D] Lord Cornwallis

 

Correct Answer: B [Robert Clive]

Notes:

Major-General Robert Clive was the first British Governor of the Bengal Presidency. His brilliant leadership at Arcot gave him an immense reputation in Europe. When he went home in 1753, William Pitt the Elder called him a “heaven-born general.”

44.Simon Commission visited India in which of the following year?

[A] 1927
[B] 1928
[C] 1929
[D] 1930

 

Correct Answer: B [1928]

Notes:
The Indian Statutory Commission, commonly referred to as the Simon Commission, was a group of seven English, male British Members of Parliament under the chairmanship of Sir John Simon. Simon Commission was sent to India in 1928 to study constitutional reforms.

45.Which among the following was the first princely state to merge in constituent India based on demand to make it a district?

[A] Jamakhandi
[B] Jhalawar
[C] Kapshi
[D] Kothi

 

Correct Answer: B [Jhalawar]

Notes:
The first princely state to merge in constituent India based on demand to make it a district was Jamakhandi state. In 1811, Jamkhandi state was founded by Shrimant Gopalrao Patwardhan. It is presently located in the state of Karnataka.

46.At which place, All-India Muslim League (AIML) was started in 1906?

[A] Calcutta
[B] Lahore
[C] Lucknow
[D] Dhaka

 

Correct Answer: D [Dhaka]

Notes:
All-India Muslim League (AIML) was formed in December 1906 at a major conference of 3000 delegates in Dhaka. It was fuelled by the Bengal partition. The name ‘All-India Muslim League’ was proposed by its co-founder Sir Aga Khan III. Political formations to counter the growing nationalism and the Congress were being actively encouraged by the British Raj. Aga Khan had pleaded with the British Raj to consider Muslims as a separate nation.

47.When was Delhi declared as the capital of India?

[A] 1901
[B] 1911
[C] 1913
[D] 1921

 

Correct Answer: B [1911]

Notes:
In December 1911 King George V of Britain decreed that the capital of British India would be moved from Calcutta (now Kolkata) to Delhi. Construction began in 1912 at a site about 3 miles (5 km) south of the Delhi city centre, and the new capital was formally dedicated in 1931. The name “New Delhi” was given in 1927, and the new capital was inaugurated on 13 February, 1931.

48.The Victoria Memorial, conceived by Lord Curzon, represents the architectural climax of ____ city:

[A] Kolkata
[B] Delhi
[C] Mumbai
[D] Jaipur

 

Correct Answer: A [Kolkata]

Notes:
The Victoria Memorial (Vic-toria Memorial Hall of fame) is a large marble building in Kolkata, West Bengal. It was built between 1906 and 1921. It is dedicated to the memory of Queen Victoria (1819– 1901).

49.During World War II, the Battles of Kohima and Imphal were fought in the year ____:

[A] 1942
[B] 1943
[C] 1944
[D] 1945

 

Correct Answer: C [1944]

Notes:
The Battle of Imphal took place around Imphal, the capital of Manipur from March until July 1944. Japanese armies attempted to destroy the Allied forces at Imphal and invade India, but were driven back into Burma with heavy losses. It was fought together with the simultaneous Battle of Kohima. These battles were the turning point of the Burma Campaign.

50.In violation of the Salt Laws, Gandhiji started a movement called ____:

[A] Civil Disobedience Movement
[B] Non-Cooperation movement
[C] Swadeshi Movement
[D] None of the above

 

Correct Answer: A [Civil Disobedience Movement]

Notes:
The Salt March, also known as the Salt Satyagraha, began with the Dandi March on March 12, 1930. The Salt Satyagraha was the next significant non-violent protest against the British, after the Non-Cooperation movement of 1920-22 and India’s First War of Independence 1857. It was a direct action campaign of tax resistance and nonviolent protest against the British salt monopoly in colonial India, and triggered the wider Civil Disobedience Movement. This was the most significant organized challenge to British authority since the Non-cooperation movement of 1920-22, and directly followed the Purna Swaraj declaration of independence by the Indian National Congress on January 26, 1930.