Simple Past

The simple past tense is formed by adding -ed’ to the infinitive form of the verb (e.g. to walk becomes I/you/he/she/it/we/they walked). With this form, there is no need for a verb modifier like to have’ or to be’ as those are reserved for some of the other past tense verb forms discussed below.

There are two reasons to use the simple past verb tense. It describes:

1. Situations or activities that began in the past and finished in the past.
2. Describes someone’s emotional state in the past (i.e. how they felt).

This verb tense CAN take on some adverb time modifiers to describe how far in the past action, situation, (or emotion) occurred. One such example might be ‘I walked to the park yesterday’ or another example could be further back in time, as in ‘My little brother took a bath three days ago and now he’s starting to smell a bit funny.’

Past Progressive

The past progressive, sometimes known as the Past Continuous verb tense, is formed by adding the past variant of to be’ with the infinitive and ending with -ing’ (e.g. to sing’ becomes I was singing’). The past progressive is used to write or talk about an action that started sometime before the present time, and the action may or may not be completed.

In the example briefly mentioned above, the singer started some time ago but they could have stopped singing to perform some other activity (the likely outcome) or they could still be singing and taking a break to tell the conversation participant about that activity. The context is unclear. Generally, if the action is ongoing though, the present perfect progressive would be used instead (I have been singing).

One way to remove some of the vagueness of the past progressive timeframe is to use the past perfect progressive with a time-based adverb to clarify the situation (e.g. I had been running around the park every day last week).

Past Perfect

This is one of those verb forms mentioned above that takes another verb to modify our primary action. In this case, the past form of the verb to have’ precedes the simple past verb tense (e.g. He walked becomes He HAD walked).

The reasons for employing this past form are two-fold:

1. It is used to talk about a situation that occurred in the past and completed in the past…AND it must be followed by another action that also completed before the present time.
2. It can be used to describe two actions that occurred in the past that are directly related to each other but are separated in time.

Past Perfect Progressive

The past perfect progressive often referred to as the past perfect continuous verb tense, is formed by adding the past passive form of to have’ + the infinitive + a -ing’ verb ending (e.g. I had been talking).

The past perfect progressive is used in situations to:

1. Describe the causation for another activity
2. A time-based description of an activity that happened in the past

As mentioned above, this form can take time modifiers which is a big differentiator between when to use the past progressive and the past perfect progressive. There is a strong implied meaning of past progressive that the action started in the past and is still going on while the past perfect progressive is used with the time adverbs to indicate when an action started and finished.

Past Tense Examples

The sample sentences below illustrate how to use the four types of past tenses described above: simple past, past progressive, past perfect, and past perfect progressive.

Simple Past

• I described my favorite plants and trees in science class.
• The sun set at 5:30 PM last night.

Past Continuous

• I was dancing with daddy at the father-daughter dance while trying to concentrate on where my feet were going.
• You were playing on your phone while the teacher was talking about all sorts of triangles.

Past Perfect

• Mom had brought dinner home with her because she had been working so late tonight.
• I had kept a turtle for a pet when I was ten years old but gave him to my friend when mom brought home a puppy for Christmas.

Past Perfect Continuous

• My class had been counting on going to the zoo this Wednesday, but the trip had to be postponed due to bad weather.
• I had been reading all about dinosaurs when my mom called me down to dinner.

Final Thoughts

It is also a really good idea to go look up strange words as you casually read from here on out. A dictionary source will include the meaning of the word and oftentimes describe how it is used in grammar. Then come back to this article and reread the parts of it that are causing trouble.

Think about the words coming out of your mouth from now on. Some of the verb tenses can be confused with each other, but just a little concentration will really help to make focused, active decisions on grammar going forward. At first, your grammar may sound a bit stilted as you stop to think about what you are saying, but, in no time at all, you will speak correctly without thinking.