Introduction to State Politics The Congress government was present in the Center as well as States for many elections after 1947. The Hegemony should have

The end of the Cold War and the disintegration of the Soviet Union meant that the US would now emerge as the sole superpower. India

The Janata Party rose to power in the elections that were considered a referendum on the Emergency. The congress party lost and even Sanjay and

The years after the Bangladesh crisis was good for Indira and the Congress. In the state elections of 1972, Indira and the congress won the

Naxalbari Movement CPI was split and now never splinter groups were formed from it like the C.P.M under Jyoti Basu. It formed the West Bengal

Socialist Party This party was one of the most promising ones and would have emerged as a suitable alternative to congress. Socialists were a part

Nehruji had a multi-faceted personality. He had a wide range of interests and had qualities like rationality, humanity, respect for individuals, independence of spirit, and

Introduction Independent India saw a plethora of problems that had to be dealt with. The short-term problems were the refugee crisis, prevention of war, and

Introduction India had inherited its economic and administrative structures from the colonial and pre-colonial era but the well-defined and comprehensive ideology that inspired it in

Introduction After 1947 a new era had dawned for India. Colonial rule was over and now a journey towards overcoming the colonial legacy of poverty,

History of Education in India The British also came with the belief that they had a duty to civilize the natives. The White man’s burden

History The printing press came to India from the Portuguese missionaries. However, it was the East India Company that imported presses in the 17th century that

World History Industrial Revolution was the beginning of a period in which many improvements and inventions were brought by men who neither were educated in

Introduction The British conquered Bengal first and then they reordered its rural society and established a regime of land rights and revenue system. The first

Introduction Al Biruni wrote Kitab ul Hind an account of his travels, He was a Uzbekistani who was captured by Sultan Ghazni and brought to

Introduction Ideas about the ancient culture of the Indus Valley Civilization or Harappan age comes from studying the archaeological artifacts found in a particular area

Introduction The Second World War ended and the conflict weary society believed that peace was achieved and would remain for a long time. However, this

Introduction The Imperialist countries like England and France had followed a policy of non-intervention, and appeasement towards the fascist aggressions of Germany and Italy. They

Introduction The 20 years between the First and the Second World wars saw upheavals in Europe. The consequences of these uprisings led to the most

Introduction The Socialist movement was declining and the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 saw its hasty demise. The Second International was the

Introduction Imperialism and World trade had made the entire world become affected by events in some parts. As Europe was the center of trade and

Introduction The European countries had been the birthplace of the Industrial revolution. But this had also created its ugly version called imperialism. In this, the

Early Worker’s Movements The industrial revolution created a chain of events that led to Capitalism and then Socialism. Machines were started around the 16th century

Revolutionary movements in Europe The French Revolution and the Napoleonic wars had ended and the monarchy was restored in France but the idea of a

The French revolution was linked to the American revolution. It was at a nascent stage while the American Revolution was going on but it had

Renaissance  The era of questioning established beliefs. Every aspect of thoughts and beliefs was questioned. It was an intellectual revolution where all beliefs based on

Introduction As the middle ages ended feudalism came to an end in Europe due to Renaissance and other developments. The rise in towns and cities

Introduction The Marathas held important positions in the Deccan sultanate. But Shivaji and his father Shahaji were responsible for the establishment of the Maratha kingdom.

Introduction The Mughals didn’t believe in the right of the eldest son to the throne. This caused conflicts between the successors and caused a loss

Introduction Babur was the founder of the Mughal Empire. He captured Kabul from one of his uncles. He wanted to capture India and launched four

Introduction Both these kingdoms arose when the control of the Sultanate over the Deccan became weak during the reign of Muhammad- bin-Tughlaq. Both were founded

Introduction The coming of Islam to India resulted in many things. One was the exchange of religious ideas between the Hindus and Muslims. This led

Introduction The Delhi sultanate had a powerful administrative system. The authority extended as south as Madurai. It had an impact on the provincial kingdoms and

Introduction The Arab invasions led to the establishment of the Delhi sultanate. This flourished for about three centuries. The Delhi sultanate consisted of: Aibak (Slave), Khilji,

Introduction Post Harshavardhan era Harshavardhan observed the same system of administration as the Guptas and so when he conquered new kings he would allow them

Introduction The complex rituals and sacrifices of the Brahmins in the later Vedic period weren’t acceptable to the common people. The sacrifices and rituals were

Introduction After the end of the Sangam age, the Cholas became feudatories but rose again to prominence in 9 century AD. These were the years

Pallavas dynasty: After the Sangam age ended, the Kalabraha’s captured the south and ruled for 250 years till the Pallavas dynasty started. The Pallavas ruled

Introduction The decline of the Gupta Empire in the north created political disunity which was resolved after Harshavardhan established his Empire. The details of Harshavardhan’s Empire

Introduction In 4 Century AD, a new dynasty emerged over Magadha and ruled a large part of North India. Their rule lasted for over 200

Introduction South of the Deccan plateau, the land between the Venkatam hills and Kanyakumari is known as the Tamilaham. The Sangam texts mention three chiefs

Introduction Stonemasonry was introduced on a large scale by the Mauryans. Ashoka’s contribution to Indian art was a number of monolithic pillars which bore his

Introduction The Foundation of the Mauryan Empire opened a new era in the history of India. Kautilya’s Arthashastra gave a glimpse of this period. Megasthenes was a noble

Introduction The Brahmanas and Upanishads composed 800 years ago refer to the Janapada and Mahajanpadas and provide us an insight into the settlement of agricultural

Chalcolithic settlements This was a transition phase when both copper or bronze and stone statues were used. Chalcolithic cultures existed from Chota Nagpur to the

Introduction Named after Harappa the first site where the unique urban culture was discovered, a civilization existed that is dated between 2600 – 1900 BC.

Introduction Indian history is divided into the following phases: Old Stone Age [Paleolithic] Middle stone age [Mesolithic] New stone age [Neolithic] and Metal age. The dates

Introduction The Indian subcontinent has three main reasons: Himalayas Mountains, the southern peninsula, and Indo – The Gangetic plains. Regional differences and related separate identities

❖ गुलाम वंश ➨ 1=1193 मुहम्मद घोरी ➨ 2=1206 कुतुबुद्दीन ऐबक ➨ 3=1210 आराम शाह ➨ 4=1211 इल्तुतमिश ➨ 5=1236 रुकनुद्दीन फिरोज शाह ➨ 6=1236