Logical reasoning includes,
- Number Series
- Letter and Symbol Series
- Analogies
- Verbal Classification
- Artificial Language
- Essential Part
- Logical Problems
- Logical Games
- Verbal Reasoning
- Matching Definitions
- Making Judgments
- Analyzing Arguments
- Statement and Assumption
- Statement and Conclusion
- Theme Detection
- Cause and Effect
- Statement and Argument
- Logical Deduction
Number Series in Logical Reasoning
1. Look at this series: 36, 34, 30, 28, 24, … What number should come next?
A. 22
B. 26
C. 23
D. 20
2. Complete series 1,6,13,22,33,..
Answer: A- Pattern is +5, +7, +9, +11
So next number will be +13
=> 33+13 = 46
3.Look at this series: 2, 1, (1/2), (1/4), … What number should come next?
A. (1/3)
B. (1/8)
C. (2/8)
D. (1/16)
4. Complete the series 3, 7, 23, 95, ?
A. 20
B. 25
C. 30
D. 50
6. Complete the series 7, 26, 63, 124, 215, 342, ?
(23 -1) = 7
(33 -1) = 26
(43 -1) = 63
(53 -1) = 124
(63 -1) = 215
(73 -1) = 342
So, the missing term is,
(83 -1) = 511.
7.Look at this series: 12, 11, 13, 12, 14, 13, … What number should come next?
A. 10
B. 16
C. 13
D. 15
15*11, 15*13, 15*17, 15*19, 15*23. . . . So, Missing number is
15*29 = 435.
9. In the following number series a wrong number is given. Find out the wrong number.
150, 450, 750, 1060, 1350, 1650, 1950
Required number,
= 2845-569
= 2276.
Letter and Symbol Series in Logical Reasoning
1. SCD, TEF, UGH, ____, WKL
A. CMN
B. UJI
C. VIJD. IJT
Answer: C
A. OLPA
B. KLMA
C. LLMA
D. KLLA
Answer: D.
3.
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
Answer: C Explanation:
A. 1
B. 2
C.3
D. 4
Answer: B
B. V2E
C. VE5
D. VE7
Answer: D
Analogies in Logical Reasoning
1. CUP : LIP :: BIRD : ?
A. GRASS
B. FOREST
C. BEAK
D. BUSH
2. Paw : Cat :: Hoof : ?
A. Lamb
B. Horse
C. Elephant
D. Tiger
3. Safe : Secure :: Protect :
A. Lock
B. Guard
C. Sure
D. Conserve
4. Melt : Liquid :: Freeze :
A. Ice
B. Solid
C. Condense
D. Push
A. Flow
B. Animal
C. Wood
D. Fox
1.Which word does NOT belong with the others?
A. index
B. glossary
C. chapter
D. book
2.Which word is the odd man out?
A. trivial
B. unimportant
C. important
D. insignificant
3.Which word does NOT belong with the others?
A. wing
B. fin
C. beak
D. rudder
4.Which word is the odd man out?
A. hate
B. fondness
C. liking
D. attachment
A. just
B. fair
C. equitable
D. biased
Artificial Language in Logical Reasoning
1. Which word could mean “ceiling tile”?
✓gorbltusl
✓flurgorbl
✓arthflur
✓pixn arth
2. Which word could mean “cloud nine”?
✓lesh srench
✓och hapl
✓hap loch
✓hapl resbo
3. Which word could mean “houseguest”?
✓morpirhunde
✓beelmoki
✓quathunde
✓clakquat
4. Some translations: krekinblaf means workforce ; dritakrekin means groundwork ; krekinalti means workplace. Which word could mean “someplace”?
✓moropalti
✓krekindrita
✓altiblaf
✓dritaalti
5. Here are some words translated from an artificial language. dionot means oak tree; blyonot means oak leaf; blycrin means maple leaf. Which word could mean “maple syrup”?
✓blymuth
✓hupponot
✓patricrin
✓crinweel
Essential Part in Logical Reasoning
1. harvest
A. autumn
B. stockpile
C. tractor
D. crop
Answer: D
A. cactus
B. arid
C. oasis
D. flat
Answer: B
3.ovation
A. outburst
B. bravo
C. applause
D. encore
Answer: C
4.antique
A. rarity
B. artifact
C. aged
D. prehistoric
Answer: C
A. corrupt
B. exclusive
C. rich
D. gigantic
Answer: B
Logical Games in Logical Reasoning
1. If a legislature decides to fund agricultural subsidy programs, national radio, and a small business loan program, what 2 other programs can they fund?
A. harbor improvements and school music program
B. harbor improvements and international airport
C. hurricane preparedness and international airport
D. hurricane preparedness and school music program
E. harbor improvements and hurricane preparedness
2. Kevin, Joseph, and Nicholas are 3 brothers. If the following statements are all true, which of them is the youngest?
✓Kevin is the oldest.
✓Nicholas is not the oldest.
✓Joseph is not the youngest.
A. Joseph
B. Kevin
C. Nicholas
D. Both Joseph and Nicholas
Questions are based on the following information:
Mazzini, an Italian specialty restaurant stays open every Monday to Saturday but is closed on all Sundays. On Mondays, only lunch is served, as well as on Tuesdays and Thursdays. On Wednesdays, Fridays and Saturdays, just dinner is served. The restaurant’s floors are polished and plants are watered only on days that Quantum is open for business, according the following schedule:
✓Plants are watered two days each week, but never on consecutive days and never on the same day that floors are polished.
✓Floors are polished on Monday and two other days each week, but never on consecutive days and never on the same day that plants are watered.
3. According to a schedule, the restaurant’s floors are polished on either…
A. Tuesday or Wednesday
B. Tuesday or Thursday
C. Wednesday or Thursday
D. Thursday or Friday
E. Thursday or Saturday
4. If dinner is served on the same day as plants are watered, which of the following is correct?
A. Plants are watered on Tuesday.
B. Floors are polished on Thursday.
C. Plants are watered on Wednesday.
D. Floors are polished on Wednesday.
E. Plants are watered on Saturday.
Answer: B
B. three
C. four
D. five
E. six
Logical Problems in Logical Reasoning
At a small company, parking spaces are reserved for the top executives: CEO, president, vice president, secretary, and treasurer with the spaces lined up in that order. The parking lot guard can tell at a glance if the cars are parked correctly by looking at the color of the cars. The cars are yellow, green, purple, red, and blue, and the executives names are Alice, Bert, Cheryl, David, and Enid.
* The car in the first space is red.
* A blue car is parked between the red car and the green car.
* The car in the last space is purple.
* The secretary drives a yellow car.
* Alice’s car is parked next to David’s.
* Enid drives a green car.
* Bert’s car is parked between Cheryl’s and Enid’s.
* David’s car is parked in the last space.
1. Who is the secretary?
A. Enid
B. David
C. Cheryl
D. Alice
Answer: D
A. Alice
B. Cheryl
C. Bert
D. David
Answer: B
3. What color is the vice president’s car?
A. green
B. yellow
C. blue
D. purple
Answer: A
Read the below passage carefully and answer the questions:
Five roommates Randy, Sally, Terry, Uma, and Vernon each do one housekeeping task mopping, sweeping, laundry, vacuuming, or dusting one day a week, Monday through Friday.
* Vernon does not vacuum and does not do his task on Tuesday.
* Sally does the dusting, and does not do it on Monday or Friday.
* The mopping is done on Thursday.
* Terry does his task, which is not vacuuming, on Wednesday.
* The laundry is done on Friday, and not by Uma.
* Randy does his task on Monday.
1. What task does Terry do on Wednesday?
A. vacuuming
B. dusting
C. mopping
D. sweeping
Answer: D
A. vacuuming
B. dusting
C. laundry
D. mopping
Answer: C
A. Monday
B. Tuesday
C. Wednesday
D. Thursday
Answer: B
A. Monday
B. Tuesday
C. Wednesday
D. Thursday
Answer: B
Verbal Reasoning in Logical Reasoning
1. The ‘A’ state government has chalked out a plan for the underdeveloped ‘B’ district where 66% of the funds will be placed in the hands of a committee of local representatives.
Courses of action:
I. The ‘A’ state government should decide guidelines and norms for the functioning of the committee.
II. Other state government may follow similar plan if directed by the Central government.
A. If only I follows
B. If only II follows
C. If either I or II follows
D. If neither I nor II follows
E. If both I and II follow
2. The car dealer found that there was a tremendous response for the new XYZ’s car booking with long queues of people complaining about the duration of business hours and arrangements. Courses of action:
I. People should make their arrangement of lunch and snacks while going for car XYZ’s booking and be ready to spend several hours.
II. Arrangement should be made for more booking desks and increase business hours to serve more people in less time.
A. If only I follows
B. If only II follows
C. If either I or II follows
D. If neither I nor II follows
E. If both I and II follow
3. The ‘M’ state government has decided hence forth to award the road construction contracts through open tenders only. Courses of action:
I. The ‘M’ state will not be able to get the work done swiftly as it will have to go through tender and other procedures.
II. Hence forth the quality of roads constructed may be far better.
A. If only I follows
B. If only II follows
C. If either I or II follows
D. If neither I nor II follows
E. If both I and II follow
4. Alert villagers nabbed a group of bandits armed with murderous weapons. Courses of action:
I. The villagers should be provided sophisticated weapons.
II. The villagers should be rewarded for their courage and unity.
A. If only I follows
B. If only II follows
C. If either I or II follows
D. If neither I nor II follows
E. If both I and II follow
II. All the trains running in both directions should be diverted immediately via other routes.A. If only I follows
B. If only II follows
C. If either I or II follows
D. If neither I nor II follows
E. If both I and II follow
Matching Definitions in Logical Reasoning
1. Violating an Apartment Lease occurs when a tenant does something prohibited by the legally binding document that he or she has signed with a landlord. Which situation below is the best example of Violating an Apartment Lease?
A. Tim has decided to move to another city, so he calls his landlord to tell him that he is not interested in renewing his lease when it expires next month.
B. Valerie recently lost her job and, for the last three months, has neglected to pay her landlord the monthly rent they agreed upon in writing when she moved into her apartment eight months ago.
C. Mark writes a letter to his landlord that lists numerous complaints about the apartment he has agreed to rent for two years.
D. Leslie thinks that her landlord is neglecting the building in which she rents an apartment. She calls her attorney to ask for advice.
Answer: B
A.Melissa purchases a DVD player with the highest consumer ratings in its category.
B. The salesperson advises Curt to be sure that he buys an air conditioner with a guarantee.
C.The local auto body shop specializes in refurbishing and selling used cars.
D. Lori buys a used digital camera from her coworker who says that she will refund Lori’s money if the camera’s performance is not of the highest quality.
Answer: D
3. Erratic Behavior occurs when an individual acts in a manner that lacks consistency, regularity, and uniformity. Which situation below is the best example of Erratic Behavior?
A. Julia cannot contain her anger whenever the subject of local politics is discussed.
B. Martin has just been told that he is being laid off. Before leaving his supervisor’s office, he punches a hole in the door.
C. Rhonda has visited the dealership several times, but she still cannot decide which car to buy.
D. In the past month, Jeffrey, who has been a model employee for three years, has repeatedly called in sick, forgotten important meetings, and been verbally abusive to colleagues.
Answer: D
4. Embellishing the Truth occurs when a person adds fictitious details or exaggerates facts or true stories. Which situation below is the best example of Embellishing the Truth?
A. Isabel goes to the theater, and the next day, she tells her coworkers she thought the play was excellent.
B. The realtor describes the house, which is eleven blocks away from the ocean, as prime waterfront property.
C. During the job interview, Fred, who has been teaching elementary school for ten years, describes himself as a very experienced teacher.
D. The basketball coach says it is likely that only the most talented players will get a college scholarship.
Answer: B
A. Francine decides that it would be appropriate to wear jeans to her new office on Friday after reading about “Casual Fridays” in her employee handbook.
C. After consulting several guidebooks and her travel agent, Jennifer feels confident that the hotel she has chosen is first-rate.
D. When Emily opens the door in tears, Theo guesses that she’s had a death in her family.
Answer: D
Making Judgments in Logical Reasoning
1. Eileen is planning a special birthday dinner for her husband’s 35th birthday. She wants the evening to be memorable, but her husband is a simple man who would rather be in jeans at a baseball game than in a suit at a fancy restaurant. Which restaurant below should Eileen choose?
A. Alfredo’s offers fine Italian cuisine and an elegant Tuscan decor. Patrons will feel as though they’ve spent the evening in a luxurious Italian villa.
C. The Parisian Bistro is a four-star French restaurant where guests are treated like royalty. Chef Dilbert Olay is famous for his beef bourguignon.
D. Marty’s serves delicious, hearty meals in a charming setting reminiscent of a baseball clubhouse in honor of the owner,Marty Lester, a former major league baseball all-star
Answer: D
#1: The four women seem to agree that the plate starts out with the letter J.
#2: Three of them agree that the plate ends with 12L.
#3: Three of them think that the second letter is X, and a different three think that the third letter is K.
The four license plate numbers below represent what each of the four women thinks she saw. Which one is most likely the license plate number of the taxi?
Answer: A
3.Mark is working with a realtor to find a location for the toy store he plans to open in his town. He is looking for a place that is either in, or not too far from, the center of town and one that would attract the right kind of foot traffic. Which of the following locations should Mark’s realtor call to his attention?
A. a storefront in a new high-rise building near the train station in the center of town whose occupants are mainly young, childless professionals who use the train to commute to their offices each day.
B. a little shop three blocks away from the town’s main street, located across the street from an elementary school and next door to an ice cream store
C. a stand-alone storefront on a quiet residential street ten blocks away from the town’s center
Answer: B
4.The neighborhood block association has received many complaints about people knocking on doors and soliciting money for an unknown charity organization even though door-to-door solicitation is prohibited by local laws. Three residents have provided descriptions of individuals who have come to their door asking for money.
Solicitor #1 is a white male, 20-25 years old, 5’9″, 145 pounds, with very short brown hair. He was wearing a dark blue suit and carrying a brown leather briefcase.
Solicitor #2 is a white male, 25-30 years old, 6’2″, 200 pounds, with a shaved-head. He was wearing a red T-shirt and jeans.
Solicitor #3 is a white male, approximately 23 years old, 5’10”, slight build, with short brown hair. He was wearing a blue suit.
Three days after the block association meet- ing, a resident noticed a man knocking on doors in the neighborhood and phoned the police to report the illegal activity. This solic- itor was described as follows:
Solicitor #4 is a white male, 22 years old, 140 pounds, about 5’10”, with short brown hair. He was carrying a briefcase and wearing a dark suit.
Based on this description, which of the three solicitations was also likely carried out by Solicitor #4?
A. #1, #2, and #3
B. #1, but not #2 and #3
C. #1 and #3, but not #2
D. #1 and #2, but not #3
Answer: C
5.Mrs. Jansen recently moved to Arizona. She wants to fill her new backyard with flowering plants. Although she is an experienced gardener, she isn’t very well-versed in what plants will do well in the Arizona climate. Also, there is a big tree in her backyard making for shady conditions and she isn’t sure what plants will thrive without much direct sunlight. Her favorite gardening catalog offers several backyard seed packages. Which one should Mrs. Jansen choose?
C. The Treehouse Collection will provide lush green plants with delicate colorful flowers that thrive in shady and partially shady locations.
D. The Oasis Collection includes a variety of perennials that thrive in dry climates and bright sunlight.
Answer: B
Analyzing Arguments in Logical Reasoning
1. One of the warmest winters on record has put consumers in the mood to spend money. Spending is likely to be the strongest in thirteen years. During the month of February, sales of existing single-family homes hit an annual record rate of 4.75 million.
This paragraph best supports the statement that
A. consumer spending will be higher thirteen years from now than it is today.
B. more people buy houses in the month of February than in any other month.
C. during the winter months, the prices of single-family homes are the lowest.
D. there were about 4 million homes for sale during the month of February.
E. warm winter weather is likely to affect the rate of home sales.
Answer: E
This paragraph best supports the statement that Generation Xers
A. work harder than people from other generations.
B. have a tendency to be self-directed workers
C. have an interest in making history
D. tend to work in jobs that require risk-taking behavior.
E. like to challenge their bosses work attitudes.
Answer: B
Choose the statement that is best supported by the information given in the question passage.
3. Human technology developed from the first stone tools about two and a half million years ago. At the beginning, the rate of development was slow. Hundreds of thousands of years passed without much change. Today, new technologies are reported daily on television and in newspapers.
Answer: D
Read the below passage carefully and answer the questions:
Giving children computers in grade school is a waste of money and teachers time. These children are too young to learn how to use computers effectively and need to spend time on learning the basics, like arithmetic and reading. After all, a baby has to crawl before she can walk.
4. Which of the following, if true, would strengthen the speaker’s argument?
Answer: E
5. Which of the following, if true, would weaken the speaker’s argument?
Answer: A
Quinn: Our state is considering raising the age at which a person can get a driver’s license to eighteen. This is unfair because the age has been sixteen for many years and sixteen-year-olds today are no less responsible than their parents and grandparents were at sixteen.Many young people today who are fourteen and fifteen years old are preparing to receive their licenses by driving with a learner’s permit and a licensed driver, usually one of their parents. It would not be fair to suddenly say they have to wait two more years.
Dakota: It is true that people have been allowed to receive a drivers license at sixteen for generations. However, in recent years, the increase in traffic means drivers face more dangers than ever and must be ready to respond to a variety of situations. The fact that schools can no longer afford to teach drivers education results in too many young drivers who are not prepared to face the traffic conditions of today.
Statement and Assumption in Logical Reasoning
In each question below is given a statement followed by two assumptions numbered I and II. You have to consider the statement and the following assumptions and decide which of the assumptions is implicit in the statement.
Give answer
- (A) If only assumption I is implicit
- (B) If only assumption II is implicit
- (C) If either I or II is implicit
- (D) If neither I nor II is implicit
- (E) If both I and II are implicit.
1. Statement: “You are hereby appointed as a programmer with a probation period of one year and your performance will be reviewed at the end of the period for confirmation.” – A line in an appointment letter.
Assumptions:
I. The performance of an individual generally is not known at the time of appointment offer.
II. Generally an individual tries to prove his worth in the probation period.
A. Only assumption I is implicit
Answer: E
2. Statement: “In order to bring punctuality in our office, we must provide conveyance allowance to our employees.” – In charge of a company tells Personnel Manager.Assumptions:
I. Conveyance allowance will not help in bringing punctuality.
II. Discipline and reward should always go hand in hand.
Answer: B
3. Statement: In order to reduce the gap between income and expenditure, the company has decided to increase the price of its product from next month.
Assumptions:
I. The rate will remain more or less same after the increase.
II. The expenditure will more or less remain the same in near future.
III. The rival companies will also increase the price of the similar product.
Answer: E
4. Statement: “A rare opportunity to be a professional while you are at home.” – An advertisement for computer literate housewives by a computer company.
Assumptions:
I. Some housewives simultaneously desire to become professional.
II. Computer industry is growing at a fast pace.
III. It is possible to be a professional as well as a housewife.
Answer: C
5. Statement: Pramod decided to get the railway reservation in May, for the journey he wants to make in July, to Madras.
Assumptions:
I. The railways issues reservations two months in advance.
II. There are more than one trains to Madras.
III. There will be vacancy in the desired class.
Answer: A
Statement and Conclusion in Logical Reasoning
In each question below is given a statement followed by two conclusions numbered I and II. You have to assume everything in the statement to be true, then consider the two conclusions together and decide which of them logically follows beyond a reasonable doubt from the information given in the statement.
Give answer:
- (A) If only conclusion I follows
- (B) If only conclusion II follows
- (C) If either I or II follows
- (D) If neither I nor II follows and
- (E) If both I and II follow.
1. Statements: In a one day cricket match, the total runs made by a team were 200. Out of these 160 runs were made by spinners.
Conclusions:
I. 80% of the team consists of spinners.
II. The opening batsmen were spinners.
Answer: D
2. Statements: The old order changed yielding place to new.
Conclusions:
I. Change is the law of nature.
II. Discard old ideas because they are old.
Answer: A
3. Statements: Population increase coupled with depleting resources is going to be the scenario of many developing countries in days to come.
Conclusions:
I. The population of developing countries will not continue to increase in future.
II. It will be very difficult for the governments of developing countries to provide its people decent quality of life.
Answer: B
4. Soldiers serve their country.
Answer: C
5. A factory worker has five children. No one else in the factory has five children.
Answer: D
Theme Detection in Logical Reasoning
1. The attainment of individual and organisational goals is mutually interdependent and linked by a common denominator – employee work motivation. Organisational members are motivated to satisfy their personal goals, and they contribute their efforts to the attainment of organisational objectives as means of achieving these personal goals.
The passage best supports the statement that motivation –
Answer: A
2. Due to enormous profits involved in smuggling, hundreds of persons have been attracted towards this anti-national activity. Some of them became millionaires overnight. India has a vast coastline both on the Eastern and Western Coast. It has been a heaven for smugglers who have been carrying on their activities with great impunity. There is no doubt, that from time to time certain seizures were made by the enforcement authorities, during raids and ambush but even allowing these losses the smugglers made huge profits.
Answer: D
3. Though the waste of time or the expenditure on fashions is very large, yet fashions have come to stay. They will not go, come what may. However, what is now required is that strong efforts should be made to displace the excessive craze for fashion from the minds of these youngsters.
The passage best supports the statement that:
Answer: C
4. One of the important humanitarian by-products of technology is the greater dignity and value that it imparts to human labour. In a highly industrialized society, there is no essential difference between Brahmin and Dalit, Muslim and Hindu; they are equally useful and hence equally valuable for in the industrial society individual productivity fixes the size of the pay cheque and this fixes social status.
The passage best supports the statement that:
Answer: C
5. The future of women in India is quite bright and let us hope that they will justify their abilities by rising to the occasion. Napoleon was right when he declared that by educating the women we can educate the whole nation. Because a country can never rise without the contribution of 50% of their population.
Answer: D
Cause and Effect in Logical Reasoning
- (A) If statement I is the cause and statement II is its effect;
- (B) If statement II is the cause and statement I is its effect;
- (C) If both the statements I and II are independent causes;
- (D) If both the statements I and II are effects of independent causes; and
- (E) If both the statements I and II are effects of some common cause.
1. Statements:
I. The prices of petrol and diesel in the domestic market have remained unchanged for the past few months.
II. The crude oil prices in the international market have gone up substantially in the last few months.
A. Statement I is the cause and statement II is its effect
Answer: D
2. Statements:
I. The government has recently fixed the fees for professional courses offered by the unaided institutions which are much lower than the fees charged last year.
II. The parents of the aspiring students launched a severe agitation last year protesting against the high fees charged by the unaided institutions.
A. Statement I is the cause and statement II is its effect
Answer: B
3. Statements:
I. The Reserve Bank of India has recently put restrictions on few small banks in the country.
II. The small banks in the private and co-operative sector in India are not in a position to withstand the competitions of the bigger in the public sector.
A. Statement I is the cause and statement II is its effect
Answer: B
4. Statements:
I. All the schools in the area had to be kept closed for most part of the week.
II. Many parents have withdrawn their children from the local schools.
A. Statement I is the cause and statement II is its effect
Answer: D
5. Statements:
I. India has surpassed the value of tea exports this year over all the earlier years due to an increase in demand for quality tea in the European market.
II. There is an increase in demand of coffee in the domestic market during the last two years.
A. Statement I is the cause and statement II is its effect
Answer: C
Statement and Argument in Logical Reasoning
Give answer:
- (A) If only argument I is strong
- (B) If only argument II is strong
- (C) If either I or II is strong
- (D) If neither I nor II is strong and
- (E) If both I and II are strong.
1. Statement: Should India encourage exports, when most things are insufficient for internal use itself?
Arguments:
I. Yes. We have to earn foreign exchange to pay for our imports.
II. No. Even selective encouragement would lead to shortages.
Answer: Option A.
2. Statement: Should all the drugs patented and manufactured in Western countries be first tried out on sample basis before giving licence for sale to general public in India?
Arguments:
I. Yes. Many such drugs require different doses and duration for Indian population and hence it is necessary.
II. No. This is just not feasible and hence cannot be implemented.
Answer: A
Explanation:
3. Statement: Should India make efforts to harness solar energy to fulfil its energy requirements?
Arguments:
I. Yes, Most of the energy sources used at present is exhaustible.
II. No. Harnessing solar energy requires a lot of capital, which India lacks in.
Answer: A
4. Statement: Should there be students union in college/ university?
Arguments:
I. No. This will create a political atmosphere in the campus.
II. Yes, it is very necessary Students are future political leaders.
Answer: E
5. Statement: Should India give away Kashmir to Pakistan?
Arguments:
I. No. Kashmir is a beautiful state. It earns a lot of foreign exchange for India.
II. Yes. This would help settle conflicts.
Answer: A
Logical Deduction in Logical Reasoning
1. Statements: All benches are desks. Some desks are roads. All roads are pillars.
Conclusions:
I. Some pillars are benches.
II. Some pillars are desks.
III. Some roads are benches.
IV. No pillar is bench.
A. None follows
Answer: D
All benches are desks. Some desks are roads.
Since the middle term ‘desks’ is not distributed even once in the premises, no definite conclusion follows.
Some desks are roads. All roads are pillars.
Since one premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that ‘Some desks are pillars’. II is the converse of this conclusion and so it holds.
All benches are desks. Some desks are pillars.
Since the middle term ‘desks’ is not distributed even once in the premises, no definite conclusion follows. However, I and IV involve the extreme terms and form a complementary pair. So, either I or IV follows.
2. Statements: Some dogs are rats. All rats are trees. Some trees are not dogs.
Conclusions:
I. Some trees are dogs.
II. All dogs are trees.
III. All rats are dogs.
IV. No tree is dog.
A. None follows
B. Only I follows
C. Only I and II follow
D. Only II and III follow
Answer: B
Some dogs are rats. All rats are trees.
Since one premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that ‘Some dogs are trees’. I is the converse of this conclusion and so it holds.
All rats are trees. Some trees are not dogs.
Since the middle term ‘trees’ is not distributed even once in the premises, no definite conclusion follows.
3. Statements: Some bricks are trees. All trees are pens. All pens are boats.
Conclusions:
I. Some boats are bricks.
II. Some pens are bricks.
III. Some trees are bricks.
IV. Some bricks are boats.
A. Only I and II follow
B. Only III and IV follow
C. None follows
D. All follow
E. None of these
Answer: D
Explanation:
III is the converse of the first premise and so it holds.
Some bricks are trees. All trees are pens.
Since one premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that ‘Some bricks are pens’. II is the converse of this conclusion and so it holds.
All trees are pens. All pens are boats.
Since both the premises are universal and affirmative, the conclusion must be universal affirmative and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that ‘All trees are boats’.
Some bricks are trees. All trees are boats.
Since one premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that ‘Some bricks are boats’. Thus, IV follows. I is the converse of this conclusion and so it also holds.
4. Statements: All cups are glasses. Some glasses are bowls. No bowl is a plate.
Conclusions:
I. No cup is a plate.
II. No glass is a plate.
III. Some plates are bowls.
IV. Some cups are not glasses.
A. None follows
Answer: A
All cups are glasses. Some glasses are bowls.
Since the middle term ‘glasses’ is not distributed even once in the premises, no definite conclusion follows.
Some glasses are bowls. No bowl is a plate.
Since one premise is particular and the other negative, the conclusion must be particular negative and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that ‘Some glasses are not plates’.
5. Statements: Some trains are roads. No road is jungle. All flowers are jungles.
Conclusions:
I. Some trains are flowers.
II. Some trains are jungles.
III. Some flowers are trains.
IV. No road is flower.
A. None follows
B. Only II follows
C. Only III follows
D. Only IV follows
Answer: D
Explanation:
Some trains are roads. No road is jungle.
Since one premise is particular and the other negative, the conclusion must be particular negative and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that ‘Some trains are not jungles’.
No road is jungle. All flowers are jungles.
Since both the premises are universal and one premise is negative, the conclusion must be universal negative and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that ‘No flower is road’. IV is the converse of this conclusion and so it holds.
Some trains are roads, No flower is road.
As discussed above, it follows that ‘Some trains are not flowers’.
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