National

1. Recent heavy rainfall and the opening of floodgates at Sukhna Lake have caused the Ghaggar River in Punjab to cross danger levels, triggering alerts in Mohali and Patiala districts. The river’s overflow has affected several villages, though authorities report the situation is currently under control.

2. The Telangana Assembly recently witnessed a heated debate over the PC Ghose Commission report. The report investigated irregularities in the design and construction of the Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project. The project, costing over Rs. 1.10 lakh crore, aimed to lift water from the Godavari River for irrigation and drinking water supply.

3. Kerala confronted a new health crisis after a cluster of fatal brain infections emerged in Kozhikode and neighbouring districts. The cause was identified as Naegleria fowleri, a rare but deadly amoeba that infects the brain through contaminated freshwater.

4. The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) and Jammu & Kashmir State Disaster Management Authority (J&K SDMA) have launched a detailed survey to study cloudbursts and flash floods in Jammu & Kashmir, Uttarakhand, and Himachal Pradesh. This initiative aims to identify the sources and causes of these disasters using satellite mapping by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).

5. Recent advances in brain injury diagnosis have introduced CEREBO, a novel hand-held device designed to detect traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) quickly and safely. Developed by leading Indian research institutions, CEREBO offers a portable, non-invasive, and cost-effective alternative to traditional imaging tools. This innovation aims to improve early detection and treatment outcomes, especially in resource-limited settings.

6. The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) marked its 65^th Foundation Day in 2025 by unveiling several key initiatives. These efforts align closely with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. The focus is on enhancing digital learning, early childhood education, and inclusive education across India.

7. The rapid spread of Senna spectabilis, an invasive tree species introduced from South America in the 1980s, has caused severe ecological damage in South India. Its dense growth chokes native plants and disrupts wildlife habitats, especially in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. Recent community-driven efforts in Kerala’s Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary have pioneered successful eradication methods, offering hope for forest restoration and biodiversity recovery.

8. The traditional dongar cultivation practiced by the Kondh tribal community in Odisha’s Rayagada district faces a severe threat. The spread of eucalyptus monoculture, driven by commercial interests such as paper mills, is endangering this ancient mixed cropping system. The shift is leading to loss of food diversity, soil degradation and ecological imbalance.

9. Recent data from 43 cancer registries in India show a lifetime cancer risk of 11%. In 2024, an estimated 15.6 lakh new cancer cases and 8.74 lakh deaths were recorded. These registries cover 10% to 18% of the population across 23 states and Union Territories.

10. The Tirupati Urban Development Authority (TUDA) has launched Operation SWARNA (Swarnamukhi Waterbody Action for River and Nala Awareness), a large-scale project to restore and protect the Swarnamukhi River. This initiative aims to remove encroachments, revive the river’s flow, and safeguard its environment.

11. The National Annual Report and Index on Women’s Safety (NARI) 2025 presents a detailed picture of urban women’s safety across India. Based on a survey of 12,770 women from 31 cities, the report reveals a national safety score of 65%. Despite government efforts, 40% of women still feel unsafe in their cities.

12. The 14^th edition of Exercise MAITREE commenced on 1^st September 2025 at the Joint Training Node in Umroi, Meghalaya. This bilateral military exercise between India and Thailand runs until 14^th September 2025. It aims to enhance cooperation, interoperability and mutual understanding between the Indian Army and the Royal Thai Army.

13. The revered 16^th century Vrindavani Vastra, a priceless silk textile from Assam, is set to be exhibited in the state in 2027. The British Museum in London has agreed to loan the textile for 18 months. This marks a cultural moment as Assam prepares to showcase this historic artifact for the first time on Indian soil.

14. The Delhi Forest Department recently issued a circular to reaffirm the legal definition of a “tree” under the Delhi Preservation of Trees Act (DPTA), 1994. This move aims to eliminate confusion in tree counting and management, especially during pruning and conservation activities.

15. The 5^th Meeting of the Central Advisory Council (CAC) under the Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016 (RERA) was held in New Delhi. The event marked eight years since RERA’s implementation, denoting its impact on the Indian real estate sector. This platform aims to enhance transparency and coordination across States and Union Territories.

16. The Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MoTA) requested the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India (RGI) to separately enumerate Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) in the upcoming Census. This move aims to gather detailed data on PVTG households, individuals, and their unique socio-economic and cultural traits.

17. The recent discovery of the orchid species Gastrochilus pechei in Arunachal Pradesh has added a new member to India’s rich orchid family. Previously known only from Myanmar, this finding confirms the floristic link between the two regions. The discovery was made in Vijoynagar, a remote area bordering Myanmar, at an altitude of 1,200 metres.

18. India is advancing rapidly towards self-sufficiency in pulses. NITI Aayog’s 2025 report Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta outlines a national plan. The goal is to reduce import dependency and boost production to meet nutritional and economic needs.

19. India has taken a major step towards clean energy with the launch of its first port-based green hydrogen pilot project at V. O. Chidambaranar (VOC) Port in Tamil Nadu. The project aims to reduce carbon emissions and promote sustainable port operations. It aligns with national goals under the Viksit Bharat 2047 mission and the Sagarmala programme.

20. The Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) region holds vast renewable energy resources but currently uses only a small fraction. A recent report by the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) marks the untapped potential and challenges facing renewable energy development in eight HKH countries.

21. The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) introduced the Environment Audit Rules, 2025 to address growing challenges in environmental monitoring. These rules allow private accredited auditors to supplement the existing regulatory bodies. The move aims to improve compliance verification, transparency and accountability in environmental governance across India.

22. Punjab is facing severe floods in 2025. All 23 districts have been declared flood-hit. Nearly 1,902 villages are inundated. Over 3.8 lakh people are affected. More than 11.7 lakh hectares of farmland have been destroyed. The northern district of Gurdaspur is the worst hit with 329 villages underwater. At least 43 people have lost their lives.

23. The National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources (NBFGR), Kochi, under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, has recently identified a new species of finless snake eel. Named Apterichtus kanniyakumari, this discovery marks the rich marine biodiversity of the Arabian Sea near the Colachel coast.

24. The Census of India 2027 marks transformation. Nearly 34 lakh enumerators will collect data using their own smartphones. This will be the first fully digital Census in the country. The mobile applications developed for this purpose will support multiple languages and work on both Android and iOS platforms.

25. The Giant African Snail (Lissachatina fulica), one of the world’s most invasive species, has recently been detected in Chennai and its outskirts. Its presence raises serious public health and ecological concerns. The snail is a known carrier of parasites that cause brain inflammation and other diseases in humans. Flooding during monsoon seasons worsens its spread and impact on the city.

26. The Supreme Court has recently directed the Election Commission of India (EC) to accept Aadhaar as a 12^th document for identity verification during the Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of electoral rolls in Bihar. This move aims to ensure inclusivity in voter registration ahead of the Assembly elections.

27. Kerala faces rapid urbanisation combined with growing climate risks. In response, the State formed the Kerala Urban Policy Commission (KUPC) in December 2023. The commission delivered a comprehensive 25-year urban roadmap in March 2025. This plan aims to transform Kerala’s urban centres into climate-aware, community-driven ecosystems.

28. C. P. Radhakrishnan was elected as the new Vice President of India. The Vice President of India is the second-highest constitutional authority, established under Article 63 of the Constitution. Beyond a symbolic post, the Vice President acts as the ex officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, India’s upper parliamentary house.

29. The Employee’s State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) introduced two key schemes in 2025 to expand social security coverage and ease compliance for industries. These initiatives aim to bring more workers under the social security net and reduce legal disputes between employers and employees.

30. The 2025 Swachh Vayu Survekshan survey has ranked Indian cities on their efforts to improve air quality under the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP). Indore, India’s cleanest city, topped the million-plus population category despite a slight rise in PM10 pollution. The survey focuses on real action against pollution sources rather than just pollutant levels.

31. India marked achievement in literacy in 2025. The Ministry of Education celebrated International Literacy Day with the theme Promoting Literacy in the Digital Era. Himachal Pradesh became the fifth State/UT to attain full functional literacy. This follows Tripura, Mizoram, Goa and Ladakh.

32. Kerala’s maternal mortality ratio (MMR) has recently risen from 18 to 30 per 1,00,000 live births, according to the Sample Registration System (SRS) bulletin for 2021-2023. This increase follows the impact of COVID-19 related maternal deaths and reflects demographic changes in the State. Kerala and Andhra Pradesh now share the lowest MMR among state of Indias despite this rise.

33. Recent data reveal a growing gap between two key measures of household consumption in India. Private Final Consumption Expenditure (PFCE) and Household Consumption Expenditure Survey (HCES) estimates differ by nearly 45% in 2022-23. This divergence poses challenges for economic analysis and policy-making. About these differences is crucial for accurate measurement of consumption, poverty, and welfare.

34. Recent research by the MACS-Agharkar Research Institute in Pune has identified two new species of black aspergilli fungi in the Western Ghats. These species are named Aspergillus dhakephalkarii and Aspergillus patriciawiltshireae. The study also recorded for the first time in India two other black aspergilli species, A. aculeatinus and A. brunneoviolaceus.

35. The All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, revealed a new Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based mental health programme called Never Alone in 2025. Launched on World Suicide Prevention Day, the programme offers round-the-clock virtual and offline consultations through a web-based app accessible on WhatsApp.

36. India’s fisheries sector has witnessed a remarkable transformation under the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY), launched in 2020. As the scheme completes five years, it has strengthened the sector’s ecological sustainability, economic viability, and social inclusiveness. Production has surged, infrastructure has improved, and thousands of livelihoods have been empowered. The government’s decision to extend the scheme through 2025-26 signals continued commitment to this vital sector.

37. India’s National Statistics Office (NSO), under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI), is set to conduct two major household surveys from July 2026 to June 2027. These are the All India Debt and Investment Survey (AIDIS) and the Situation Assessment Survey (SAS) of Agricultural Households.

38. India is advancing its biofuel strategy by testing 10% isobutanol blends with diesel. The Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI) is conducting trials after ethanol-diesel blends failed to meet expectations. This shift aims to boost energy security, support farmers, and reduce fossil fuel imports.

39. Recent research has identified a new bent-toed gecko species in the montane forests of central Assam’s Dima Hasao district. Named Cyrtodactylus vanarakshaka, this discovery marks Assam’s rich biodiversity and the critical role of forest conservation. The species belongs to the Cyrtodactylus khasiensis group.

40. The Fast Track Immigration-Trusted Traveller Programme (FTI-TTP) was launched by Union Home Minister Amit Shah in September 2025. This initiative accelerates immigration for pre-verified Indian nationals and Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) cardholders at designated airports. The programme aims to reduce waiting times and streamline immigration procedures in line with Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s vision of speed, scale and scope.

41. The Kashmir fisheries department is set to reintroduce the brown trout into the Valley’s cold-water streams after more than a century. This initiative aims to restore the trout population and boost angling tourism. The project, scheduled for October, follows extensive preparation and scientific study to ensure the fish’s survival and ecological balance.

42. The Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare (MoAFW) has pioneered the use of artificial intelligence (AI) to provide early and accurate monsoon forecasts to farmers across India. Recently, nearly 3.8 crore farmers in 13 states received AI-based monsoon predictions via SMS through the m-Kisan platform.

43. India’s ranking in the Sustainable Development Report (SDR) 2025 improved to 99^th among 167 countries. Yet, urban sustainability under Sustainable Development Goal 11 (SDG 11) remains a major challenge. SDG 11 aims for cities that are inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable. India’s progress on key urban indicators has been slow or negative.

44. The inauguration of Mizoram’s first railway line marks a historic milestone in India’s northeastern infrastructure development. The Bairabi-Sairang broad-gauge railway, spanning 51.38 km, was opened by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2025. This project is a key enabler of the government’s Act East Policy and enhances connectivity for the region’s capital, Aizawl, linking it directly to India’s vast railway network for the first time.

45. The 77^th anniversary of Operation Polo, marked on 13^th September 2025, recalls the decisive military campaign that integrated Hyderabad into the Indian Union. This brief but decisive operation ended the Nizam’s bid for independence and shaped India’s territorial unity soon after independence.

46. The Supreme Court of India recently issued comprehensive guidelines to ensure the integrity of DNA samples in criminal investigations. This move aims to standardise procedures across all states to prevent contamination and delays in forensic analysis. The guidelines were prompted by a case involving serious crimes where lapses in sample handling compromised the investigation.

47. India recently inaugurated its first bamboo-based bioethanol plant in Golaghat, Assam. This milestone marks boost to the country’s green energy ambitions and industrial growth. The plant will source bamboo from Assam and northeastern states, benefiting farmers and tribal communities. Alongside, a polypropylene plant foundation was laid to strengthen regional manufacturing.

48. Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated multiple development projects in Imphal, Manipur, with a total investment exceeding Rs. 1,200 crore. These initiatives aim to boost infrastructure, employment, and ease of living in the state. The projects include the Manipur Urban Roads Project and the Manipur Infotech Development Project, signalling a new phase of growth for the region.

49. Sarcoidosis remains a complex inflammatory disease affecting multiple organs. Recent research marks its variable course and the critical role of early diagnosis. This knowledge base page summarises key facts and insights for better understanding of sarcoidosis.

50. Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched the Gyan Bharatam portal in September 2025. The event took place at the International Conference on Gyan Bharatam in New Delhi. This portal aims to digitise and preserve India’s vast manuscript heritage. India has nearly one crore manuscripts in around 80 languages. The initiative will make these accessible globally and protect them from intellectual piracy.

51. The discovery of a new freshwater fish species in Manipur marks addition to the region’s rich biodiversity. Named Garra nambashiensis, this species was found in the Taretlok River, a tributary of the Chindwin River near Nambashi Valley in Kamjong district. The research was led by Dr. Bungdon Shangningam from Dhanamanjuri University, Imphal.

52. The Supreme Court of India delivered a landmark judgment on 17^th July 2025, affirming the property rights of tribal women. The ruling in Ram Charan and Ors. vs Sukhram and Ors. declared that excluding daughters from ancestral property violates their fundamental right to equality. This decision marks step towards gender justice in tribal communities where customary laws often deny women inheritance rights.

53. Andhra Pradesh’s Erra Matti Dibbalu (Red Sand Dunes) and the Tirumala Hills, including the Eparchaean Unconformity, were added to UNESCO’s Tentative List of World Heritage Sites. This inclusion marks a vital step towards global recognition and conservation of these unique natural heritage sites.

54. India’s economic growth depends on including women fully in the workforce. Today, women contribute just 18% to the country’s GDP. While female labour force participation has improved to 41.7%, only a small fraction hold formal jobs. This gap limits India’s ambition to become a $30 trillion economy by 2047. Recent steps like the Women’s Economic Empowerment (WEE) Index in Uttar Pradesh show how gender data can drive change.

55. The district of Muzaffarpur in Bihar has emerged as the top contributor in the INSPIRE Award Standard Scheme in 2025. With 7,403 student submissions, it surpassed traditional educational hubs nationwide. This marks milestone in promoting creativity among young learners in the region.

56. The Supreme Court of India, in the 2025 case of Shivangi Bansal vs Sahib Bansal, reaffirmed guidelines set by the Allahabad High Court to curb misuse of Section 498A of the Indian Penal Code. These guidelines include a two-month ‘cooling period’ before any coercive action and referral of complaints to a Family Welfare Committee (FWC).

57. The rare scarlet dragonfly (Crocothemis erythraea) has been recently spotted in the high-altitude valleys of Munnar, Kerala. This unexpected sighting in the cool southern Western Ghats has surprised experts and nature enthusiasts alike. The rediscovery marks the ecological richness of the region and raises important questions about species distribution and environmental changes.

58. The Government of India has begun the process to nominate Chhath Mahaparva for inclusion in UNESCO’s Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. This move aims to recognise the festival’s cultural importance and ensure its preservation globally. The festival is celebrated mainly in eastern India and has deep social and environmental significance.

59. The 14^th Sirarakhong Hathei Chilli Festival was recently inaugurated in Sirarakhong Village, Ukhrul district, Manipur. This 14-day event celebrates the region’s unique GI-tagged Hathei chilli. Known for its distinct aroma and bright red colour, this chilli has gained national recognition.

60. The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) is set to install a revised plaque at Sarnath. This follows new findings crediting Babu Jagat Singh, a local ruler’s descendant, for the site’s initial excavation and preservation. The change challenges the long-held belief that British archaeologists first revealed Sarnath’s archaeological importance. The move comes as India prepares for a UNESCO team visit after nominating Sarnath for the World Heritage List.

61. Recent protests by the Ho tribe in Jharkhand’s West Singhbhum district have brought into light tensions between indigenous governance and state administration. The community fears interference in their traditional Manki-Munda system after rumours spread about the removal of village heads known as Mundas.

62. The Supreme Court of India recently quashed a Bombay High Court order granting anticipatory bail in a caste-based crime case. The ruling reaffirmed that Section 18 of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, bars anticipatory bail where a prima facie case exists.

63. The first national conference of Parliamentary and Legislative committees on women empowerment concluded in Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh. The event ended with the adoption of the ‘Tirupati Resolution’. The conference provided a platform for legislators from the Centre and states to share experiences and strategies.

64. Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD) is rapidly spreading among children in Delhi and neighbouring Haryana in 2025. Health authorities and schools have issued advisories to contain the infection. The disease mainly affects children under ten years of age and has no specific treatment. Preventive care and home management remain the key responses.

65. Nearly 550 residents of Fulwariya hamlet in Jharkhand’s Koderma district, mainly from the Birhor tribe, received electricity after almost 80 years of darkness. The installation of a 63 KVA transformer marked this milestone under the Ujjwala Yojana. The event symbolised a new era of opportunities in education, health, and livelihood.

66. The Government of India and the International Labour Organisation (ILO) signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to develop the International Reference Classification of Occupations. This agreement aims to enhance global employment opportunities for youth. It addresses skill shortages caused by demographic changes and digital transformation worldwide.

67. India has taken step towards clean energy by notifying the National Policy on Geothermal Energy in 2025. This policy aims to tap into the country’s largely unexplored geothermal resources. It aligns with India’s commitment to achieve its Net Zero target by 2070.

68. Recent developments in India’s biofuel sector have brought into light the potential of isobutanol as an alternative blending agent with diesel. Following unsuccessful attempts to blend ethanol with diesel, the Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI) is exploring isobutanol’s viability.

69. The Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) has recently revealed the use of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) to detect widespread fraud in various state beneficiary schemes. This breakthrough was announced by CAG K. Sanjay Murthy during the second State Finance Secretaries Conference in 2025.

70. The Red-necked Phalarope (Phalaropus lobatus), a rare migratory bird, was recently sighted at the Nanjarayan bird sanctuary in Tirupur city. This marks the first time the species has been recorded in this inland water body. The sighting was confirmed by local birders and members of the Nature Society of Tirupur.

71. Dhordo village in Kutch district, Gujarat, has recently become fully solar-powered. Recognised globally by the United Nations World Tourism Organisation as the ‘Best Tourism Village’, Dhordo now joins three other solar villages in Gujarat. Prime Minister Narendra Modi is scheduled to dedicate this achievement on 20^th September during the ‘Samudra Se Samriddhi’ event in Bhavnagar.

72. The Election Commission of India (ECI) has recently de-listed 474 Registered Unrecognised Political Parties (RUPPs) for failing to contest elections over the last six years. This action is part of a larger ongoing effort to streamline the political landscape and maintain the integrity of the electoral system.

73. India’s democracy is vibrant and participatory. Millions vote in elections celebrated as festivals of democracy. However, in 2025, concerns have grown about the effects of frequent elections on governance and development. The rising costs, disruptions, and social challenges linked to repeated polls raise questions about their overall impact.

74. The Supreme Court of India recently directed 17 states and eight Union Territories to frame rules for registering Sikh marriages under the Anand Marriage Act, 1909, within four months. Until then, states must register Anand Karaj marriages under existing laws. This move aims to ensure Sikh couples can legally register their marriages according to their religious tradition.

75. The Surajpur district of Chhattisgarh achieved a landmark success in 2025 by declaring 75 village panchayats as Child Marriage-Free Panchayats. This recognition came during the launch of the Healthy Women, Empowered Families campaign and National Nutrition Month. The declaration was based on the absence of any child marriage cases in these panchayats for over two years.

76. Delhi has initiated a time-bound feasibility study on using photocatalytic coatings to reduce air pollution. The government plans to test titanium dioxide (TiO₂)-based surfaces on roads, pavements and public spaces. This move aims to lower harmful pollutants like nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and hydrocarbons.

77. India has taken step in enhancing its logistics sector with the launch of Logistics Data Bank (LDB) 2.0. This development was announced by the Union Minister of Commerce and Industry, Shri Piyush Goyal, as part of the decade-long Make in India celebrations. It supports the government’s vision of a digitally empowered and export-competitive economy.

78. The 28^th National Conference on e-Governance (NCeG) 2025 was held on 22^nd – 23^rd September 2025 in Vishakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. The event was organised by the Department of Administrative Reforms & Public Grievances (DARPG) and the Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology (MeitY) in collaboration with the Andhra Pradesh government.

79. The rain-soaked pine forests of the East Khasi Hills in Meghalaya have revealed a new edible mushroom species. Named Lactifluus khasianus, this fungus has long been known to the Khasi tribal communities as Tit iongnah. The discovery was confirmed through modern scientific methods including DNA sequencing.

80. The National Human Rights Commission of India started its Online Short Term Internship Programme for September 2025. From 896 applicants, 80 students from 21 States and Union Territories were chosen. The two-week programme runs from 22^nd September to 3^rd October. It aims to deepen youth understanding of human rights promotion and protection in India.

81. India’s economic policy in 2025 focuses on boosting household consumption to sustain growth. Other growth engines like private investment and net exports face challenges. Government spending remains strong but cannot carry the economy alone. This shift aims to raise India’s growth rate beyond 6.5% towards 8% or more.

82. India’s river pollution scenario has shown slight improvement in 2023. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) report reveals a decrease in the number of river locations unfit for bathing. This progress is measured through biological oxygen demand (BOD), a key indicator of organic pollution in water.

83. Recent research from Madura College in Madurai has led to the discovery of a new plant species in the Kudremukh range of the Western Ghats, Karnataka. Named ‘Impatiens selvasinghii’, this species honours Professor P. Selva Singh Richard for his extensive work on the reproductive biology of endemic and endangered plants in the region.

84. The Ramgarh Vishdhari Tiger Reserve (RVTR) in Rajasthan has recorded the presence of the Fishing Cat (Prionailurus viverrinus) for the first time. This discovery was made during routine tiger monitoring activities involving field biologists and the Dalelpura tiger tracking team.

85. The Ministry of Tribal Affairs, in collaboration with the United Nations in India, launched the Adi Yuva Fellowship and the Adi Karmayogi Volunteers Programme in 2025. These initiatives form part of the Adi Karmayogi Abhiyan, the world’s largest tribal grassroots leadership movement. The campaign was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 17^th September 2025 during Janjatiya Gaurav Varsh.

86. The 10^th National Ayurveda Day was celebrated in 2025 at the All India Institute of Ayurveda (AIIA), Goa. The event marked a decade of efforts to promote Ayurveda as a holistic health system. Dignitaries including the Governor of Goa, Chief Minister of Goa, and Union Ministers participated.

87. The year 2025 witnessed severe environmental disasters in the Himalayan region and northern India. Cloudbursts, flash floods, and landslides claimed hundreds of lives and caused widespread damage. These events brought into light the fragile nature of the Himalayan ecosystem and the impact of expanding infrastructure and climate change.

88. India has recently expanded its telecom security testing infrastructure by designating M/s Compliance International Pvt. Ltd., Noida, as a Telecom Security Testing Laboratory (TSTL) for IP Routers under the Communication Security Certification (ComSec) Scheme. This addition raises the total number of TSTLs in India to nine.

89. India is advancing rapidly in clean energy with new initiatives in solar power. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) recently released an updated Solar PV Potential Assessment Report. Alongside, the first training programme on Solar Cell and Module Manufacturing was launched at the National Institute of Solar Energy (NISE), Gurugram.

90. The Uttar Pradesh International Trade Show-2025 (UPITS-2025) was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi at Greater Noida. The event runs from 25^th to 29^th September and features Russia as the partner country. It is one of the largest trade shows in the region, attracting thousands of exhibitors and visitors.

91. The Global Food Regulators Summit (GFRS) 2025 was inaugurated in New Delhi from 26^th to 27^th September. Organised by the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, the summit runs alongside World Food India 2025. The event focuses on evolving food systems and global collaboration for safer food standards.

92. Recent developments in Odisha’s Mahendragiri hills have raised serious environmental concerns. The region, declared a Biodiversity Heritage Site in 2022, faces threats from large-scale construction projects. Activists warn these developments endanger its fragile ecosystem and rich biodiversity.

93. The Election Commission of India (ECI) introduced a new e-sign feature on its ECINET portal and app in September 2025. This feature mandates identity verification through Aadhaar-linked phone numbers for voter registration, deletion, and correction requests. This move aims to enhance the security and authenticity of electoral roll management.

94. The Goods and Services Tax Appellate Tribunal (GSTAT) was formally launched in New Delhi in 2025. This new institution marks advancement in India’s indirect tax system. It aims to provide a fair, transparent, and efficient platform for resolving GST-related disputes. The launch was attended by senior government officials, judiciary members, and representatives from trade and industry.

95. The northeastern state of Arunachal Pradesh is set to host its first-ever Sunrise Festival in Dong village, Anjaw district. This event will take place from 29^th December 2025 to 2^nd January 2026. Dong is the easternmost village in India and receives the first rays of the sun every day. The festival aims to promote tourism, adventure, and cultural heritage in this remote border region.

Current Affair September 2025

International

1. Recent research marks the deadly impact of tropical deforestation on local temperatures and human health. Between 2001 and 2020, deforestation in tropical regions caused nearly 28,000 excess deaths each year. The study reveals how forest loss drives local warming, exposing millions to dangerous heat. South-east Asia faces the highest mortality, followed by tropical Africa and the Americas.

2. The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is facing an unprecedented risk of collapse within the next century. Recent research reveals that the tipping point for AMOC shutdown could be reached in just a few decades, although the full collapse may take 50 to 100 years to occur.

3. Recent developments in the United States have challenged the scope of presidential authority in imposing tariffs under emergency powers. On 29^th August 2025, the US Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ruled 7-4 that several tariff announcements by President Donald Trump were illegal.

4. Several Spanish beaches faced closures in 2025 due to the sudden presence of blue dragons (Glaucus atlanticus). These tiny sea slugs, known for their striking colours and potent sting, have appeared in large numbers along the Mediterranean coast. Their arrival has surprised locals and scientists alike, coinciding with rising sea temperatures in the region.

5. The first half of 2025 saw China and India propose nearly 88% of new coal power capacity worldwide. China added 21 gigawatts (GW) of coal power in six months, the highest in almost a decade. India commissioned 5.1 GW of new coal plants and has 92 GW of proposals pending. Despite rapid renewable energy growth, both countries continue to rely heavily on coal for energy security.

6. Recent observations reveal an unusual behaviour among killer whales (Orcinus orca). These large dolphins have been seen sharing freshly caught prey with humans. Unlike typical wild animal interactions, killer whales wait for humans to respond before retrieving their offering. This behaviour has sparked scientific interest into the reasons behind such interspecies provisioning.

7. India and Japan recently signed a memorandum of cooperation on a Joint Credit Mechanism (JCM) under Article 6.2 of the Paris Agreement. This partnership aims to strengthen carbon trading, increase investment, and accelerate sustainable innovation. The agreement is amid rising US tariffs on Indian goods and China’s rare earth export restrictions.

8. China’s President Xi Jinping introduced the Global Governance Initiative (GGI) at the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Plus (SCO Plus) meeting in Tianjin in 2025. The summit included SCO member states, dialogue partners like Turkiye, and observer countries. Xi emphasised the need for a fair and equitable global governance system.

9. Air pollution has become the most critical health threat in India in 2025. The Air Quality Life Index (AQLI) report by the Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago reveals that toxic air reduces the average Indian life expectancy by 3.5 years. This loss surpasses impacts from malnutrition, tobacco use, and unsafe water combined.

10. The 2025 Global Peace Index (GPI) by the Institute for Economics & Peace offers a hopeful view amid global turmoil. It ranks countries based on peace, governance, social trust, and security. Iceland tops the list for the 18^th consecutive year. India ranks 115^th, reflecting ongoing challenges.

11. The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) leaders issued a joint declaration in September 2025 strongly condemning terrorism. The statement explicitly mentioned the 22^nd April Pahalgam attack in Jammu and Kashmir, which killed 26 people. This marks development as earlier defence minister-level meetings had avoided mentioning the attack.

12. The World Health Organisation (WHO) released new data in 2024 denoting the global mental health crisis. Suicide remains a major cause of death worldwide. Mental health disorders are rising faster than the population growth. The reports ‘World Mental Health Today’ and ‘Mental Health Atlas 2024’ provide updated insights post-Covid-19 pandemic.

13. Recent discussions around the term “Brahmins” have sparked confusion due to its different meanings in India and the United States. Recently, a controversy arose when a US political figure linked Indian Brahmins to profiteering, drawing criticism for misunderstanding caste and social structures. This has renewed interest in the historical and social context of the Boston Brahmins, a prominent American elite group.

14. Recent research by geographers at the University of California Santa Barbara (UCSB) has resolved a long-standing question in river geomorphology. They investigated why some rivers flow as a single channel while others split into multiple threads. Using satellite data and advanced image processing, the study revealed the physical mechanisms driving these river patterns.

15. The launch of Israel’s Ofek-19 satellite on 2^nd September 2025 marks a major leap in regional intelligence and defence capabilities. This advanced reconnaissance satellite uses Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) technology, enabling continuous, all-weather surveillance day and night.

16. The Nepali Army and China’s People’s Liberation Army (PLA) commenced the fourth edition of their joint military exercise, Sagarmatha Friendship-2025, in Kathmandu. The exercise, running until 16^th September 2025, aims to boost cooperation in counter-terrorism, disaster management, and United Nations peacekeeping.

17. The Himalayan brown bear (Ursus arctos isabellinus) has recently gained attention following an attack on Pakistani singer Quratulain Balouch in Deosai National Park, Gilgit-Baltistan. This incident marks growing human-bear conflicts in the region. Scientific studies indicate that these conflicts are increasing due to habitat loss, climate change, and human food waste.

18. Australia has recently made strides in developing the MQ-28A Ghost Bat, a next-generation military drone. These unmanned aircraft are designed as collaborative combat aircraft that operate alongside manned fighter jets. The move marks a strategic shift for Australia as it rebuilds its defence industry to counter emerging threats in the Indo-Pacific region.

19. Recent research has revealed link between the formation of Antarctic ice about 34 million years ago and the early evolution of the Indian monsoon system. Fossil leaves from Nagaland’s Laisong Formation show that the region once had a warm and wet climate. This discovery sheds light on how global climatic changes influenced the development of the monsoon, which is vital for India’s environment and agriculture.

20. The Cross River gorilla remains one of the rarest primates in the world. Found between Nigeria and Cameroon, fewer than 300 individuals survive . Conservationists face urgent challenges to protect this species from extinction. Their unique habitat, social behaviour, and threats offer vital insight into Africa’s biodiversity crisis.

21. The Union Minister for Communications, Jyotiraditya M. Scindia, launched the UPI-UPU Integration Project at the 28^th Universal Postal Congress in Dubai. This initiative marks a major step in transforming international remittances by combining India’s Unified Payments Interface (UPI) with the Universal Postal Union’s (UPU) Interconnection Platform.

22. The US has recently intensified protectionist measures impacting global trade and immigration. The proposed Halting International Relocation of Employment (HIRE) Act aims to discourage outsourcing by imposing heavy taxes on payments to foreign service providers. This law could reshape the Indian IT sector and affect thousands of Indian students pursuing STEM careers in the US.

23. Recent developments have stunned Washington after a US Hellfire missile reportedly bounced off an unidentified flying object (UFO) near Yemen. The incident was revealed during a 2025 congressional hearing on unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAPs). The footage, captured by an MQ-9 Reaper drone in October 2024, shows a missile striking a glowing orb but failing to detonate or damage the object.

24. Albania became the first country to formally induct an artificial intelligence (AI) entity as a government minister. The AI minister, named Diella, is a virtual official created entirely from code and pixels. It was appointed to oversee public procurement and fight corruption in government spending.

25. Decentralised Finance (DeFi) has seen rapid global growth by 2025. It offers innovative financial services without traditional banks. However, concerns have risen about its misuse for illicit activities, especially terrorist financing. This calls for urgent regulatory attention and risk management.

26. India recently voted in favour of a United Nations General Assembly resolution endorsing the New York Declaration. This resolution calls for a peaceful settlement of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict through the implementation of a two-state solution. The resolution was adopted with 142 countries supporting, 10 opposing, and 12 abstaining.

27. The Australian veterinary regulator recently approved the world’s first vaccine to protect koalas from chlamydia infections. This breakthrough comes after over a decade of research by the University of the Sunshine Coast in Queensland. The vaccine is a single-dose treatment that reduces disease symptoms and mortality in wild koala populations by at least 65%.

28. The Pink Tax remains a pressing issue in 2025, denoting how women often pay more for similar products or services than men. This subtle form of gender-based price discrimination impacts household budgets globally. Awareness and consumer action are key to challenging this unfair practice.

29. The trilateral military exercise “Freedom Edge” began on 15^th September 2025. South Korea, the United States, and Japan are conducting the five-day drills in international waters near Jeju Island. This marks the third round of these joint exercises, following previous sessions in June and November of the prior year.

30. Recent advances have brought ion chromatography out of expensive laboratories and into the field. Scientists at the University of Tasmania have developed a portable ion chromatograph named Aquamonitrix. This device enables real-time analysis of soil pore water, making environmental monitoring and chemistry education more accessible and practical.

31. The Global Innovation Index (GII) 2025 reveals a dynamic shift in global innovation patterns. While advances in AI and quantum computing accelerate, overall R&D growth has slowed sharply. India’s innovation ranking has improved, reflecting its evolving research and technology landscape.

32. The 2025 World Trade Report by the World Trade Organization (WTO) outlines how artificial intelligence (AI) could transform global trade and economic growth by 2040. It predicts a near 40% rise in cross-border trade value driven by productivity gains and reduced trade costs.

33. India’s role at Chabahar Port in Iran has gained renewed global attention as the US sanctions waiver protecting India’s operations ended in September 2025. This move threatens India’s $120 million investment and raises the risk of secondary sanctions. Chabahar remains a key strategic asset for India’s connectivity to Central Asia and Afghanistan, bypassing Pakistan.

34. The recent signing of a mutual defence pact between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan marks shift in West Asia’s security landscape. This formal agreement follows decades of informal military cooperation. It comes amid rising regional tensions, doubts over U.S. security commitments, and ongoing conflicts involving Israel, Iran-backed Houthis, and shifting alliances.

35. The US government introduced a new $100,000 entry fee on H-1B visa holders entering the country after 21^st September 2025. This unexpected move has caused concern among Indian tech workers and students, who form the largest group using this visa. The fee applies only to future applicants outside the US and excludes those already holding valid H-1B visas or changing their status within the country.

36. The 2025 Global Conference on Climate and Health held in Brazil shaped the Belem Health Action Plan. This plan, to be launched at COP30 in November 2025, aims to define the global agenda on climate and health. India’s absence from the conference was a missed chance to showcase its integrated developmental model.

37. The discovery of a new deep-sea coral species named Iridogorgia chewbacca has captured the attention of both scientists and popular culture enthusiasts. Found in the tropical western Pacific Ocean, this coral’s unique appearance inspired its name after the iconic Star Wars character Chewbacca, known for his tall and furry look.

38. The United Kingdom has initiated deportations under its new returns treaty with France. An Indian national who crossed the English Channel on a small boat became the first person removed. The treaty aims to reduce illegal migration and ease pressure on the UK asylum system.

39. Brazil has announced it will become the first country to invest in the Tropical Forests Forever Facility (TFFF). This new multilateral fund aims to support conservation of endangered tropical forests worldwide. The announcement is planned for a United Nations event in New York. Brazil’s move seeks to unlock further contributions from both wealthy and developing nations.

40. The Taliban government firmly rejected the United State’s recent proposal to re-establish a military presence at Bagram Air Base in Afghanistan. This development comes four years after the chaotic withdrawal of U.S. forces in 2021, which left the base under Taliban control. Despite ongoing economic challenges and internal divisions, the Taliban continue to assert Afghanistan’s sovereignty and territorial integrity.

41. China’s advanced spy ship Yuan Wang 5 has reappeared in the Indian Ocean region after three years. This development comes amid India’s preparations for a possible hypersonic missile test over the Bay of Bengal. New Delhi is closely monitoring the ship due to its sophisticated satellite and missile tracking capabilities.

42. Recent tensions between India and the United States centre on corn trade. The U.S. demands India import American corn, but India remains largely self-sufficient. This dispute marks differences in agriculture, trade policy, and political interests in both countries.

43. Traditional medicine remains vital worldwide in 2025. The World Health Organization reports that 88% of member states practise it. For billions, especially in low- and middle-income countries, it is the main health-care option due to cost and access. Beyond treatment, traditional medicine supports biodiversity, nutrition, and livelihoods.

44. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) launched the second edition of the Brazil-India Cross-Incubation Programme in Agritech, known as Maitri 2.0, in New Delhi. This initiative aims to strengthen innovation and cooperation between Indian and Brazilian agritech sectors.

45. India was recently elected as a member of the Interpol Asian Committee during the 25^th Asian Regional Conference held in Singapore. This election followed a multi-stage voting process and is step for India in enhancing regional cooperation on critical security challenges.

46. The United States has witnessed a sharp increase in infections caused by drug-resistant bacteria, particularly those carrying the New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM) gene. Between 2019 and 2023, cases surged by nearly 70%, raising public health concerns. This trend is part of a broader global challenge involving antimicrobial resistance.

47. The Tamil Nadu Coastal Restoration Mission (TN-SHORE), launched in 2025, is a major initiative funded by the World Bank to enhance coastal resilience in Tamil Nadu. The project focuses on mangrove restoration, biodiversity protection, and sustainable coastal economy development. It aims to restore 30,000 hectares of seascapes and support endangered species like turtles and dugongs.

Current Affair September 2025

Defence

1. The 21^st edition of the India-USA joint military exercise Yudh Abhyas 2025 commenced in Fort Wainwright, Alaska. Scheduled from 1^st to 14^th September 2025, this exercise involves troops from the Indian Army’s Madras Regiment and the US 1^st Battalion, 5^th Infantry Regiment Bobcats of the Arctic Wolves Brigade Combat Team, 11^th Airborne Division.

2. India’s Ministry of Defence has revealed the Technology Perspective and Capability Roadmap (TPCR-2025). This 15-year strategic plan focuses on strengthening India’s nuclear deterrence and expanding drone warfare capabilities. The roadmap signals a shift towards integrated deterrence combining advanced nuclear resilience, unmanned systems, and electronic warfare.

3. India’s Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has made stride by successfully testing an integrated air defence system. This development is part of Mission Sudarshan Chakra, announced by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, aimed to be fully operational by 2035. The system demonstrated the ability to intercept targets at multiple altitudes and ranges.

4. The Indian Armed Forces have deployed a contingent of 65 personnel to participate in the multilateral military exercise Zapad 2025. The exercise is scheduled from 10^th to 16^th September 2025 at the Mulino Training Ground in Russia. This participation marks step in enhancing India’s defence cooperation with Russia and other participating nations amid growing geopolitical tensions in Eastern Europe.

5. The Indian Army’s Western Command has been at the forefront of extensive Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) missions in flood-affected regions of Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, and Jammu and Kashmir. Since mid-August 2025, the Army has executed 82 relief missions, evacuating over 6,000 people and delivering essential supplies to devastated communities.

6. The Indian Navy commissioned INS Aravali, a new shore-based facility in Gurugram, in September 2025. This base enhances India’s maritime domain awareness and information warfare capabilities. Positioned in the National Capital Region, INS Aravali acts as a critical node in the Navy’s command and control network.

7. he Indian Army recently conducted Exercise Siyom Prahar from 8^th to 10^th September 2025 in Arunachal Pradesh. This major field training exercise focused on validating the use of drone technology in modern tactical operations. Held in realistic battlefield conditions, the exercise marked a key milestone in enhancing operational preparedness by integrating drones across various combat roles.

8. India has made leap in defence technology with the deployment of SAMBHAV, its first fully indigenous secure mobile communication system. This development was prominently showcased during Operation Sindoor in 2025. The Indian Army used SAMBHAV-enabled smartphones instead of foreign apps, ensuring secure and encrypted communication free from external surveillance.

9. The Indian city of Chennai will host the 5^th Coast Guard Global Summit (CGGS) in 2027. This event will coincide with the 50^th anniversary of the Indian Coast Guard. The summit aims to strengthen international maritime cooperation and tackle emerging challenges at sea. The decision was made unanimously at the 4^th CGGS held in Rome in 2025.

10. The Indian Navy’s newest indigenously-built Diving Support Vessel (DSV), INS Nistar, is actively participating in the multinational Exercise Pacific Reach 2025 held in Singapore. This biennial exercise sees over 40 countries collaborating on submarine rescue operations and maritime safety.

11. India’s indigenous supersonic target missile STAR is transforming military training and readiness. Developed to simulate modern cruise missile threats, STAR flies at speeds between Mach 1.8 and 2.5. It replicates hostile missile attacks with realistic flight profiles, enabling the armed forces to sharpen their reflexes and tactical responses.

12. The Indian Army’s Sapta Shakti Command recently conducted a major integrated firepower exercise named ‘Amogh Fury’ at the Mahajan Field Firing Ranges in Rajasthan’s Thar desert. This drill tested combat power, coordination, and operational readiness in simulated battle conditions.

13. The Indian Coast Guard Ship (ICGS) ‘Adamya’ was commissioned at Paradip Port, Odisha on 19^th September 2025. It is the first of eight Adamya-class Fast Patrol Vessels (FPVs) designed and built indigenously by Goa Shipyard Limited. This milestone marks India’s growing maritime strength and commitment to ‘Aatmanirbhar Bharat’ with over 60% indigenous content.

14. Project Vijayak of the Border Roads Organisation (BRO) marked its 15^th Raising Day in September 2025 at Kargil, Ladakh. The project has expanded infrastructure in one of the world’s toughest terrains. With investments exceeding Rs 1,200 crore, it has transformed Ladakh’s connectivity and operational preparedness.

15. The System for Pension Administration – Raksha (SPARSH) has transformed defence pension management in India by resolving legacy discrepancies and enhancing service delivery. As of 2025, it has onboarded over 31.5 lakh defence pensioners across India and Nepal, making it the world’s largest pension system for defence personnel.

16. India is set to conduct its largest joint military exercise focused on drones and counter-drone systems in early October 2025. The exercise, named Cold Start, will involve the Army, Navy, and Air Force. It aims to test operational readiness against new aerial threats. Madhya Pradesh is the likely venue.

17. The Indian Navy is set to commission its second Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW-SWC), named Androth, at the Naval Dockyard in Visakhapatnam on 6^th October 2025. This event marks step in enhancing India’s maritime defence capabilities and reflects the country’s ongoing push for self-reliance in defence manufacturing.

18. India recently achieved milestone by successfully test-launching the Agni-Prime intermediate-range ballistic missile from a rail-based mobile launcher system. This launch is the first of its kind in the country and marks India’s advancing strategic deterrence capabilities.

Current Affair September 2025

Business, Economy & Banking

1. India’s semiconductor sector took a major leap forward with the inauguration of Semicon India 2025 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 2^nd September at Yashobhoomi, New Delhi. The three-day event from 2^nd to 4^th September is set to witness over 20,750 participants, including 2,500 delegates from 48 countries, to discuss India’s growing role in global semiconductor design and manufacturing.

2. India’s demographic indicators have shown notable changes in 2023. The Crude Birth Rate (CBR) and Total Fertility Rate (TFR) have declined. The population is ageing gradually. These shifts reflect evolving social and health dynamics across States and Union Territories (UTs). The latest Sample Registration Survey (SRS) Statistical Report for 2023 by the Office of the Registrar General of India provides detailed insights.

3. The 56^th meeting of India’s Goods and Services Tax (GST) Council on 3^rd September 2025 marked a landmark shift in the country’s taxation framework. The overhaul introduces a simpler and fairer tax regime aimed at boosting economic growth and easing compliance. These reforms are aligned with India’s long-term vision of becoming a developed nation by 2047.

4. Foreign direct investment (FDI) remains a key element of India’s economic growth. However, recent trends reveal a complex scenario where gross inflows appear strong but net inflows are sharply declining. This shift reflects short-term profit motives over long-term industrial development. At the same time, Indian firms are increasingly investing abroad, denoting challenges in the domestic investment climate.

5. The Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement (TEPA) signed between India and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) in 2025 marks a historic milestone. EFTA includes Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein. This is India’s first comprehensive trade pact with a group of developed European economies.

6. India expanded its innovation landscape globally by inaugurating its first overseas Atal Innovation Centre (AIC) at the IIT Delhi-Abu Dhabi campus in September 2025. This landmark event was led by Union Education Minister Dharmendra Pradhan during his official visit to the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The initiative aims to strengthen educational ties, promote innovation, and encourage academic excellence between India and the UAE.

7. Recent data from 2025 shows India experiencing low inflation levels alongside subdued nominal GDP growth. Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation was recorded at 2.07% in August. Wholesale Price Index (WPI) inflation was even lower at 0.52% year-on-year. While this is positive for consumers, it presents challenges for government finances and fiscal targets.

Science & Technology

1. Recent advances in space technology have led to the development of PRATUSH, a pioneering radiometer designed to explore the Cosmic Dawn-the epoch when the first stars and galaxies emerged. This compact system, based on a single-board computer (SBC) roughly the size of a credit card, aims to detect faint radio signals from hydrogen atoms in lunar orbit.

2. The Ministry of Tribal Affairs launched the Beta version of Adi Vaani recently. It is India’s first AI-powered translation platform dedicated to tribal languages. The launch took place at the Dr. Ambedkar International Centre, New Delhi, during the Janjatiya Gaurav Varsh celebrations. The event brought into light the government’s focus on tribal empowerment and language preservation through technology.

3. Recent research has identified the village of Matanomadh in Gujarat’s Kutch district as a key terrestrial analogue for Mars. The discovery of jarosite, a rare iron-rich sulphate mineral, dating back 55 million years, links Earth’s geological past with Martian conditions. This finding opens new avenues for planetary science and future Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) missions, including Mangalyaan-2.

4. Recent research by Indian scientists has introduced a novel nitro-substituted organoselenium compound that shows promise against aggressive triple-negative breast cancer. This compound modulates key cancer cell signalling pathways to reduce tumour growth and spread. The study demonstrates the potential of multitargeting agents in cancer therapy.

5. The European Space Agency’s Solar Orbiter has made a breakthrough in understanding the origins of energetic particles emitted by the Sun. Launched in 2020 as a joint ESA-NASA mission, the probe has captured unprecedented images of the Sun’s poles and traced the sources of Solar Energetic Electrons (SEEs).

6. India recently revealed the Vikram 3201, its first fully indigenous 32-bit microprocessor designed for space applications. Developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) with the Semiconductor Laboratory (SCL), Chandigarh, this chip marks step towards self-reliance in semiconductor technology.

7. Recent research has uncovered a hidden role of the protein p47 in protecting other proteins from mechanical stress inside cells. This discovery could lead to new treatments for diseases where protein stability under force is impaired. Scientists at the S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences (SNBNCBS) demonstrated that p47 acts as a mechanical chaperone, stabilising proteins under physical strain.

8. Bhubaneswar became the first Indian city to launch an Integrated Heat and Cooling Action Plan (IHCAP). The plan addresses rising heat stress and soaring air-conditioning demand. India has faced worsening heatwaves for decades. These affect health, productivity, and energy use. Bhubaneswar’s IHCAP aims to break the cycle where heat increases cooling needs, and cooling worsens urban heat.

9. The Department of Science and Technology (DST) will organise the first-ever Emerging Science, Technology and Innovation Conclave (ESTIC) in November 2025. This event marks a major shift in India’s scientific gatherings. ESTIC may replace the Indian Science Congress, which has a long history but has recently lost prominence.

10. The Indian Railways successfully tested a hydrogen-powered train developed at the Integral Coach Factory in Chennai. This train will soon operate between Jind and Sonipat in Haryana. It is part of the National Green Hydrogen Mission, which aims to produce five million metric tonnes of green hydrogen annually by 2030.

11. India has recently licensed multiple pharmaceutical companies to manufacture and commercialise its first indigenous multi-stage malaria vaccine. Developed by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and its partners, the vaccine targets the malaria parasite before it enters the bloodstream.

12. NASA’s Mars rover Perseverance has discovered the strongest signs yet that life might have existed on Mars. In 2024, the rover analysed a rock named Cheyava Falls and detected chemical and structural features suggesting possible ancient microbial activity. This discovery has sparked global interest in extraterrestrial life.

13. Recent research at the Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden & Research Institute (JNTBGRI), Kerala, has led to the development of a novel wound-healing pad. This innovation uses nanotechnology and a bioactive molecule from the red ivy plant (Strobilanthes alternata). The product promises efficient wound care with natural and synthetic components combined.

14. Recent discoveries have revealed a new class of cosmic events far more powerful than gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). Known as extreme nuclear transients (ENTs), these phenomena occur when massive stars are torn apart by supermassive black holes at the centres of galaxies. This breakthrough offers fresh vital information about black hole behaviour and the violent processes shaping the universe.

15. The National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF) and New Space India Limited (NSIL) have joined forces to enhance India’s weather prediction capabilities. This collaboration under the Mission Mausam project involves setting up two Direct Broadcast Network (DBNet) stations in Delhi/NCR and Chennai.

Current Affair September 2025

Government Schemes

1. The Bihar government, under Chief Minister Nitish Kumar, has launched a new scheme to boost women’s employment. Named ‘Mukhyamantri Mahila Rojgar Yojna’, it aims to provide financial assistance to one woman from every family. This initiative seeks to empower women economically and curb migration by creating local job opportunities.

2. The Government of India is intensifying efforts to reverify and update the beneficiary list under the Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY). This move aims to ensure that free ration benefits reach the truly deserving population while containing the rising food subsidy burden.

3. The Government of India and Bihar have taken a major step to empower rural women entrepreneurs. On 2^nd September 2025, Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched the Bihar Rajya Jeevika Nidhi Saakh Sahkari Sangh Limited via video conferencing. This initiative aims to provide affordable and timely financial support to women associated with Jeevika self-help groups in Bihar.

4. The Investor Education and Protection Fund Authority (IEPFA) launched Phase II of its financial literacy initiative, Niveshak Didi, in Hyderabad. This programme focuses on empowering rural communities, especially women, by enhancing financial awareness and promoting secure financial practices.

5. The Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) launched BHARATI in 2025. This initiative aims to empower 100 agri-food and agri-tech startups. It supports innovation and creates new export opportunities. BHARATI aligns with India’s goal to reach $50 billion in agri-food exports by 2030.

6. The Government of India has recently launched comprehensive Guidelines for co-locating Anganwadi Centres (AWCs) with schools. This initiative aims to strengthen Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) by integrating pre-school education with formal schooling. It supports the vision of a developed India by enhancing care and learning for young children.

7. The Government of India launched Angikaar 2025 on 4^th September 2025 in New Delhi. This campaign aims to accelerate the implementation of the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana Urban 2.0 (PMAY-U 2.0). It focuses on increasing awareness, fast-tracking application verification and expediting house completions under the scheme.

8. The Union Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) issued the Immigration and Foreigners Order, 2025, granting Foreigners Tribunals (FTs) first class judicial magistrate powers. This development is for Assam, where FTs are uniquely operational. The order allows detention of persons unable to prove their Indian nationality.

9. The Union Home Ministry and Manipur government signed a revised Suspension of Operations (SoO) pact with 24 Kuki-Zo insurgent groups on 4^th September 2025. This agreement follows ethnic violence between Kuki-Zo and Meitei communities that began on 3^rd May 2023. The pact aims to restore peace ahead of Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s scheduled visit to Manipur on 13^th September 2025.

10. The state government of Uttar Pradesh has launched a unique initiative by establishing ‘Anokhi Duniya,’ the world’s first park made entirely from ceramic waste. Located in Khurja, Bulandshahr district, known as the “ceramic capital” of India, the park is set to open by the end of September 2025.

11. The Swasth Nari Sashakt Parivar Abhiyaan (SNSPA) was launched on 17^th September 2025 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. It marks the largest health outreach programme for women and children in India. This campaign aims to improve healthcare access, quality, and awareness for women and children nationwide.

12. Uttar Pradesh launched the fifth phase of Mission Shakti on 22^nd September 2025, coinciding with Sharadiya Navratri. The month-long campaign aims to enhance women’s safety, dignity, and empowerment across the state. Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath emphasised strong interdepartmental coordination and active police presence during the initiative.

13. The Union Minister of Commerce and Industry, Shri Piyush Goyal, launched the Industrial Park Rating System (IPRS) 3.0 in New Delhi. This event marked milestone during the decade-long celebrations of the Make in India initiative. Developed by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) with support from the Asian Development Bank (ADB), IPRS 3.0 aims to enhance India’s industrial infrastructure and competitiveness.

14. The Government of India implemented major reforms under GST 2.0 from 22^nd September 2025. These changes aim to simplify the Goods and Services Tax structure, reduce tax rates on many items, and resolve classification disputes. The reforms also target the inverted duty structure to improve business cash flow and enhance consumer spending.

15. The Union Government in September 2025 approved the release of 25 lakh additional LPG connections under the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) for the financial year 2025-26. This move raises the total LPG connections distributed under the scheme to 10.58 crore since its launch in 2016. The scheme aims to provide clean cooking fuel to women from economically weaker households without upfront costs.

16. The Government of Bihar recently initiated the Mukhya Mantri Mahila Rozgar Yojana to empower women economically. Prime Minister Narendra Modi transferred the first instalment of Rs. 7,500 crore to 75 lakh women. This scheme supports women to start their own businesses across rural and urban areas.

17. India is experiencing a major transformation in public healthcare with the Ayushman Bharat scheme completing seven years. The initiative aims to provide affordable and quality healthcare to all citizens. It has expanded access, reduced financial burden, and introduced preventive health measures on a large scale.

18. Karnataka has introduced the Local Economy Accelerator Programme (LEAP) to encourage innovation and entrepreneurship across the State. This Rs. 1,000 crore initiative focuses on expanding technology ecosystems beyond Bengaluru to Tier-2 and Tier-3 towns. The government aims to build infrastructure, provide mentorship, and enhance market access for entrepreneurs over the next five years.

19. The Viksit Bharat Buildathon 2025 is a landmark national innovation event launched by the Union Minister for Education, Shri Dharmendra Pradhan. It aims to engage students from schools across India in a large-scale hackathon focused on creativity and problem-solving.

Current Affair September 2025

Awards & Honours

1. The Foundation to Educate Girls Globally, known as Educate Girls, received the prestigious Ramon Magsaysay Award in 2025. It is the first Indian organisation to be honoured with this prize. The award recognises their efforts to fight cultural stereotypes by educating girls and young women.

2. Indore has emerged as a leading example of sustainable urban development in India. Recently, it became the first city in Madhya Pradesh and one of only three cities in the country to receive the prestigious CII Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) Green City Platinum Certification. This certification recognises excellence in environmental management and green urban planning.

3. Udaipur was awarded the Ramsar Wetland City Accreditation in 2025. This recognition honours cities excelling in wetland conservation and sustainable management. The award was presented during the Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan Awards and Wetland Cities Recognition Ceremony organised by Environment Ministry.

4. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in partnership with climate tech CEO Chris Kemper announced the 2025 Young Champions of the Earth. This year’s winners come from India, Kenya, and the United States. Their innovations contribute to a global circular economy and tackle urgent environmental challenges such as wastewater treatment, plastic pollution, and sustainable material alternatives. The award includes seed funding, mentorship, and a platform to scale their solutions globally.

5. British Prime Minister Keir Starmer has been awarded the prestigious ‘Living Bridge’ honour for his instrumental role in fostering deeper India-UK relations and successfully concluding the long-awaited India-UK Free Trade Agreement (FTA). The award, presented at a ceremony in the House of Lords in London on 23^rd September 2025.

6. The 71^st National Film Awards ceremony took place on 23^rd September 2025, at Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi, with President Droupadi Murmu honouring the winners. The awards marked a special moment as Malayalam superstar Mohanlal received the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, while films like 12^th Fail, Jawan, Mrs. Chatterjee vs Norway, and Kathal – A Jackfruit Mystery secured major honours.

Current Affair September 2025

Sports

1. New Delhi will host the 2026 Badminton World Championships in August next year, marking the tournament’s return to India after 17 years. The Badminton World Federation (BWF) made the declaration during the closing ceremony of the 2025 Championships in Paris, signalling India’s growing prominence as a global sporting destination.

2. Australian fast bowling stalwart Mitchell Starc has officially stepped away from T20 International cricket at the age of 35. This move, just months ahead of the 2026 T20 World Cup, is part of a calculated effort to prolong his effectiveness in Test and ODI formats, where he aims to continue representing Australia at the highest level.

3. After an incredible 25-year journey in professional cricket, Indian leg-spinner Amit Mishra has officially announced his retirement at the age of 42. Known for his traditional leg-spin technique and match-winning spells, Mishra has been a consistent performer in both international cricket and the Indian Premier League (IPL).

4. The International Cricket Council (ICC) has officially announced the schedule for the 2025 ICC Women’s ODI World Cup, which will be held from 30^th September to 2^nd November 2025. The prestigious tournament will take place across five venues in India and Sri Lanka, featuring eight teams competing in 28 league matches followed by knockout fixtures.

5. In a powerful and emotionally charged performance, Aryna Sabalenka made tennis history by defending her title at the 2025 US Open, becoming the first woman since Serena Williams to achieve this feat. Her straight-sets victory over Amanda Anisimova not only added a fourth Grand Slam title to her name but also marked a turning point in a year filled with close calls and emotional challenges.

6. At just 22 years old, Carlos Alcaraz continues to etch his name into tennis history. On 7^th September 2025, he defeated long-time rival Jannik Sinner in the men’s singles final of the US Open 2025 at Flushing Meadows, New York. With this victory, Alcaraz also reclaimed the ATP World No. 1 ranking, ending Sinner’s 65-week reign at the top.

7. Max Verstappen returned to winning form by clinching a commanding victory at the 2025 Italian Grand Prix in Monza. This was his first win since May and only his third win of the season, marking a high point in what has been a challenging year for the Red Bull Racing star.

8. The Asia Cup 2025, the premier continental cricket tournament organized by the Asian Cricket Council (ACC), started on 9^th September 2025, in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). This is the 17^th edition of the Asia Cup, with matches to be played in the T20 format as a preparation for the T20 World Cup 2026.

9. In a landmark achievement for Indian boxing, Jaismine Lamboria claimed gold in the 57 kg women’s category at the 2025 World Boxing Championships in Liverpool, United Kingdom. Her hard-fought 4-1 split decision win over Poland’s Julia Szeremeta.

10. Central Zone emerged as champions of the 2025 Duleep Trophy, beating South Zone by 6 wickets in a high-quality final. The match, held at the BCCI Centre of Excellence in Bengaluru, marked Central Zone’s first title since 2014-15, ending an 11-year wait under the inspired leadership of Rajat Patidar.

11. Indian cricket star Smriti Mandhana has created history by scoring the fastest century ever by an Indian in ODI cricket. On 20^th September 2025, during the 3^rd ODI against Australia at the Arun Jaitley Stadium, New Delhi, Mandhana reached her hundred in just 50 balls, breaking Virat Kohli’s record of a 52-ball century against Australia in 2013. This makes her the fastest Indian across both men’s and women’s cricket to score an ODI hundred.

12. Ravichandran Ashwin, India’s veteran off-spinner, has made history by becoming the first capped Indian male cricketer to sign with a Big Bash League (BBL) team. He will represent Sydney Thunder in the upcoming BBL 2025-26 season, breaking a long-standing barrier in Indian cricket.

Current Affair September 2025

Monthly Current Affairs July 2025