“The Knowledge Library”

Knowledge for All, without Barriers……….
An Initiative by: Kausik Chakraborty.

The Knowledge Library

The Making of a Global World 

The Making of a Global World 

What are Silk Routes and why were they important? सिल्क रूट क्या थे और वे क्यों महत्वपूर्ण थे?
Answer: Ancient trade routes linking Asia, Europe, and Africa for goods, culture, and ideas.

Which goods mainly moved through the Silk Routes? सिल्क रूट से मुख्य रूप से कौन-से सामान का व्यापार होता था?
Answer: Silk, spices, porcelain, and textiles.

What did the Silk Routes mainly spread besides trade? व्यापार के अलावा सिल्क रूट ने क्या फैलाया?
Answer: Cultural exchange and ideas.

What does globalisation mean historically? ऐतिहासिक रूप से वैश्वीकरण का क्या अर्थ है?
Answer: Increasing interconnectedness across regions.

What helped early globalisation? प्रारंभिक वैश्वीकरण में किसने मदद की?
Answer: Trade, migration, and conquest.

Which disease spread through world trade routes? कौन-सा रोग व्यापार मार्गों से फैला?
Answer: Bubonic plague.

What was the impact of the plague in Europe? यूरोप में प्लेग का क्या प्रभाव पड़ा?
Answer: Massive population decline.

Which food crop came to Europe from America? अमेरिका से यूरोप कौन-सी फसल लाई गई?
Answer: Potato.

Why did plantation owners need slaves? बागानों के मालिकों को दासों की आवश्यकता क्यों थी?
Answer: Cheap labour for plantations.

From where were slaves mainly taken? दास मुख्य रूप से कहाँ से लाए जाते थे?
Answer: Africa.

Which continents were linked by the triangular trade? त्रिकोणीय व्यापार से कौन-कौन से महाद्वीप जुड़े थे?
Answer: Europe, Africa, and America.

What is meant by indentured labour? अनुबंधित मजदूरी का क्या अर्थ है?
Answer: Labourers who worked for fixed years under contract.

Most Indian indentured labourers went to which region? अधिकांश भारतीय अनुबंधित मजदूर किस क्षेत्र में गए?
Answer: Caribbean islands.

What was the main reason for Indian labour migration? भारतीय मजदूरों के प्रवास का मुख्य कारण क्या था?
Answer: Poverty and debt.

Who were coolies? ‘कूली’ किसे कहा जाता था?
Answer: Indentured Indian labourers.

Why is the 19th century called a time of global exchange? 19वीं सदी को वैश्विक विनिमय का समय क्यों कहा जाता है?
Answer: Large-scale movement of people, goods, and capital.

Which country became the world’s workshop in the 19th century? 19वीं सदी में कौन-सा देश दुनिया का कार्यशाला बना?
Answer: Britain.

Which country exported opium to China? चीन को अफीम कौन निर्यात करता था?
Answer: India (under British control).

Why did China face silver drain? चीन में “सिल्वर ड्रेन” क्यों हुआ?
Answer: To pay for imported opium.

Which war forced China to open its markets? किस युद्ध ने चीन को अपने बाज़ार खोलने पर मजबूर किया?
Answer: Opium Wars.

What is meant by colonisation? उपनिवेशवाद का क्या अर्थ है?
Answer: Establishing political and economic control over other regions.

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Which region was known as the Dark Continent? किस क्षेत्र को डार्क कॉन्टिनेंट कहा जाता था?
Answer: Africa.

Why did Europeans colonise Africa? यूरोपीय अफ्रीका को क्यों उपनिवेश बनाना चाहते थे?
Answer: For raw materials and markets.

What was the main crop in African plantations? अफ्रीकी बागानों की मुख्य फसल क्या थी?
Answer: Cotton and sugarcane.

Who discovered America? अमेरिका की खोज किसने की?
Answer: Christopher Columbus.

Which country exported wheat to Europe? यूरोप को गेहूँ कौन निर्यात करता था?
Answer: America.

What changed global agriculture in the 19th century? 19वीं सदी में वैश्विक कृषि को किसने बदला?
Answer: Mechanisation.

What is the importance of the steam engine? स्टीम इंजन का महत्व क्या है?
Answer: Faster transport and industrial growth.

Which invention boosted global shipping? कौन-सा आविष्कार वैश्विक शिपिंग को बढ़ावा देता है?
Answer: Steamships.

Why did European population increase in the 19th century? 19वीं सदी में यूरोपीय जनसंख्या क्यों बढ़ी?
Answer: Better food and medical advances.

What were tariff barriers? शुल्क बाधाएँ क्या थीं?
Answer: Taxes on imports.

Which country followed free trade policy? मुक्त व्यापार नीति किस देश ने अपनाई?
Answer: Britain.

What caused Irish famine? आयरलैंड में अकाल किस कारण हुआ?
Answer: Potato crop failure.

Why did Europeans migrate to America? यूरोपीय अमेरिका क्यों गए?
Answer: Better job opportunities.

Which industry grew due to American expansion? अमेरिकी विस्तार से कौन-सा उद्योग बढ़ा?
Answer: Meat industry.

What were refrigerated ships used for? रेफ्रिजेरेटेड जहाज किसके लिए उपयोग किए जाते थे?
Answer: Transporting perishable goods like meat.

What were trade surpluses? व्यापार अधिशेष क्या होते हैं?
Answer: Exports exceed imports.

Britain earned trade surplus with India from which product? भारत से ब्रिटेन का व्यापार अधिशेष किस उत्पाद से होता था?
Answer: Indian cotton and opium.

Why was India forced to accept free trade? भारत को मुक्त व्यापार क्यों अपनाना पड़ा?
Answer: British colonial policies.

What were Indian textiles replaced with? भारतीय कपड़ों को किसने प्रतिस्थापित किया?
Answer: Machine-made British textiles.

Why did handloom weavers suffer? हाथकरघा बुनकर क्यों दुखी हुए?
Answer: Competition from cheap British cloth.

What was the main export of colonial India? औपनिवेशिक भारत का मुख्य निर्यात क्या था?
Answer: Raw materials.

What was the main import into India during British rule? ब्रिटिश शासन में भारत में मुख्य आयात क्या था?
Answer: Manufactured goods.

Which European power controlled Indonesia? इंडोनेशिया पर किस यूरोपीय शक्ति का नियंत्रण था?
Answer: Dutch.

Which power controlled Vietnam? वियतनाम पर किसका नियंत्रण था?
Answer: France.

Which country colonised Nigeria? नाइजीरिया किस देश ने उपनिवेश बनाया?
Answer: Britain.

What increased global financial flows? वैश्विक वित्तीय प्रवाह किससे बढ़े?
Answer: Banks and insurance companies.

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What was the role of gold in trade? व्यापार में सोने की क्या भूमिका थी?
Answer: Basis of international monetary system.

What is a gold standard? गोल्ड स्टैंडर्ड क्या है?
Answer: Currency value fixed to gold.

Which country abandoned the gold standard first in the Great Depression? महामंदी में गोल्ड स्टैंडर्ड सबसे पहले किस देश ने छोड़ा?
Answer: Britain.

What caused World War I? प्रथम विश्व युद्ध का कारण क्या था?
Answer: Rivalries and militarism.

Which side won World War I? प्रथम विश्व युद्ध किस पक्ष ने जीता?
Answer: Allies.

What destroyed global trade in 1914–18? 1914–18 में वैश्विक व्यापार को किसने नष्ट किया?
Answer: War disruptions.

Which industry grew during WWI? प्रथम विश्व युद्ध में कौन-सा उद्योग बढ़ा?
Answer: Armaments industry.

What created economic instability after WWI? WWI के बाद आर्थिक अस्थिरता किससे हुई?
Answer: War debts and reparations.

When did the Great Depression begin? महामंदी कब शुरू हुई?
Answer: 1929.

What caused the Great Depression? महामंदी का कारण क्या था?
Answer: Overproduction and financial collapse.

Which country suffered the most in the Depression? महामंदी में कौन-सा देश सबसे अधिक प्रभावित हुआ?
Answer: USA.

What happened to global trade in the Depression? महामंदी में वैश्विक व्यापार का क्या हुआ?
Answer: Sharp decline.

What were beggar-thy-neighbour policies? “बेगर-थाय-नेबर” नीतियाँ क्या थीं?
Answer: Import restrictions to protect domestic industry.

What happened to Indian farmers during the Depression? महामंदी में भारतीय किसानों का क्या हुआ?
Answer: Falling prices and rising debt.

Why did colonial countries suffer more? उपनिवेश देशों को अधिक कष्ट क्यों हुआ?
Answer: Dependence on global markets.

Which commodity prices crashed most? किस वस्तु की कीमत सबसे अधिक गिरी?
Answer: Agricultural goods.

What was the impact of Depression on employment? रोजगार पर महामंदी का क्या प्रभाव पड़ा?
Answer: Massive unemployment.

Who was the US President during the Great Depression? महामंदी के दौरान अमेरिका के राष्ट्रपति कौन थे?
Answer: Franklin D. Roosevelt.

What was Roosevelt’s recovery program called? रूजवेल्ट के सुधार कार्यक्रम को क्या कहा गया?
Answer: New Deal.

What restored global confidence after the Depression? महामंदी के बाद वैश्विक विश्वास किससे बहाल हुआ?
Answer: Economic reforms and recovery programs.

Why did Japan expand in Asia? जापान एशिया में क्यों फैला?
Answer: To secure raw materials.

Which event ended the Great Depression? महामंदी का अंत किस घटना ने किया?
Answer: World War II.

Which country became the strongest economy after WWII? द्वितीय विश्व युद्ध के बाद कौन-सी अर्थव्यवस्था सबसे मजबूत बनी?
Answer: USA.

What was the main aim of the Bretton Woods Agreement? ब्रेटन वुड्स समझौते का मुख्य उद्देश्य क्या था?
Answer: Create a stable global monetary system.

Which institutions were created under Bretton Woods? ब्रेटन वुड्स के तहत कौन-सी संस्थाएँ बनीं?
Answer: IMF and World Bank.

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What is IMF’s role? IMF की क्या भूमिका है?
Answer: Maintain global financial stability.

What is the World Bank’s role? विश्व बैंक की भूमिका क्या है?
Answer: Provide development loans.

What is meant by fixed exchange rate? स्थिर विनिमय दर का क्या अर्थ है?
Answer: Currency value fixed by government.

What ended the Bretton Woods system? ब्रेटन वुड्स प्रणाली का अंत किससे हुआ?
Answer: US ending gold-dollar convertibility.

What emerged after 1970s? 1970 के बाद क्या उभरा?
Answer: Flexible exchange rates.

What boosted globalisation after 1990? 1990 के बाद वैश्वीकरण किससे बढ़ा?
Answer: Liberalisation and technology.

Which country became the centre of global manufacturing? कौन-सा देश वैश्विक विनिर्माण का केंद्र बना?
Answer: China.

What is MNC? MNC क्या है?
Answer: Multinational Corporation.

Why do MNCs invest in developing countries? MNC विकासशील देशों में निवेश क्यों करते हैं?
Answer: Cheap labour and resources.

When did India adopt LPG reforms? भारत ने एलपीजी सुधार कब अपनाए?
Answer: 1991.

What does LPG stand for? LPG का पूर्ण रूप क्या है?
Answer: Liberalisation, Privatisation, Globalisation.

What is meant by outsourcing? आउटसोर्सिंग का क्या अर्थ है?
Answer: Hiring services from outside companies.

Why did India gain from globalisation? भारत को वैश्वीकरण से लाभ क्यों मिला?
Answer: IT boom and investments.

What is trade bloc? व्यापार समूह क्या होता है?
Answer: Association of countries to increase trade.

Example of a trade bloc? व्यापार समूह का उदाहरण क्या है?
Answer: European Union.

What is tariff? शुल्क क्या होता है?
Answer: Tax on imports.

What is non-tariff barrier? गैर-शुल्क बाधा क्या होती है?
Answer: Regulations restricting imports.

What is foreign investment? विदेशी निवेश क्या है?
Answer: Money invested by foreign companies.

How does globalisation impact culture? वैश्वीकरण संस्कृति को कैसे प्रभावित करता है?
Answer: Leads to cultural exchange.

How does globalisation impact environment? वैश्वीकरण पर्यावरण को कैसे प्रभावित करता है?
Answer: Increased pollution and resource use.

What is a global market? वैश्विक बाजार क्या है?
Answer: Market accessible worldwide.

Which sector gained the most in India after globalisation? भारत में वैश्वीकरण के बाद किस क्षेत्र को सबसे अधिक लाभ हुआ?
Answer: Services sector.

What is the overall meaning of “Making of a Global World”? “ग्लोबल वर्ल्ड का निर्माण” का क्या अर्थ है?
Answer: Historical evolution of worldwide interconnectedness.

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