Subject |
Founder/Father |
Description (if any) |
Biogeography |
Alfred Russel Wallace |
Wallace worked on the impact of human activity on the natural world |
Biology |
Aristotle |
|
Botany |
Theophrastus |
|
Evolution |
Charles Darwin |
On the Origin of Species (1859) |
Genetics |
Gregor Mendel |
Studied the inheritance of traits in pea plants (forms the basis for Mendelian inheritance) |
Microbiology |
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek |
The first to microscopically observe micro-organisms in water and the first to see bacteria |
Molecular biology |
Linus Pauling |
|
Molecular Biophysics |
Gopalasamudram Narayana Iyer Ramachandran |
Founded the molecular biophysics unit (1970) |
Paleontology |
Leonardo da Vinci |
|
Parasitology |
Francesco Redi |
The founder of experimental biology. He was the first person who challenged the theory of spontaneous generation by demonstrating that maggots come from eggs of flies |
Protozoology |
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek |
First to produce precise, correct descriptions of protozoa. |
Atomic theory (early) |
Democritus |
Founder of atomism in cosmology |
Atomic theory (modern) |
Father Roger Boscovich & |
First coherent description of atomic theory |
|
John Dalton |
First scientific description of the atom as a building block for more complex structures. |
Chemistry (early) |
Jabir |
First introduced the experimental method to Islamic alchemy |
Chemistry (Modern) |
Antoine Lavoisier |
Elements of Chemistry (1787) |
Jöns Berzelius |
Development of chemical nomenclature (the 1800s) |
John Dalton |
Revival of atomic theory (1803) |
Nuclear chemistry |
Otto Hahn |
Applied Radiochemistry (1936) |
Periodic table |
Dmitri Mendeleev |
He arranged the sixty-six elements known at the time in order of atomic weight by periodic intervals (1869) |
Physical chemistry |
Mikhail Lomonosov |
The first person to read lectures in physical chemistry and coin the term in 1752 |
Geodesy (mathematical geography) |
Eratosthenes |
|
Plate tectonics |
Alfred Wegener |
|
Speleology |
Édouard-Alfred Martel |
|
Cognitive therapy |
Aaron T. Beck |
|
Electrophysiology |
Emil du Bois-Reymond |
|
Gynecology |
J. Marion Sims |
|
Histology |
Marcello Malpighi |
|
Medicine |
Charaka |
Wrote the Charaka Samhitā and founded the Ayurveda system of medicine |
Psychology (experimental) |
Wilhelm Wundt |
Founded the first laboratory for psychological research |
Plastic surgery |
Sushruta & |
Wrote the Sushruta Samhita |
Harold Gillies |
|
Psychoanalysis |
Sigmund Freud |
|
Surgery (early) |
Sushruta |
Wrote the Sushruta Samhita |
Atomic bomb |
Enrico Fermi |
|
J. Robert Oppenheimer |
|
Leslie Groves |
|
Edward Teller |
|
Classical mechanics |
Isaac Newton |
|
Electricity |
William Gilbert & |
Wrote ‘De Magnete’ (1600) |
Michael Faraday |
Discovered electromagnetic induction (1831) |
Modern astronomy |
Nicolaus Copernicus |
Developed the first heliocentric model in De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (1543) |
Nuclear physics |
Ernest Rutherford |
|
Nuclear science |
Marie Curie & Pierre Curie |
|
Optics |
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) |
|
Quantum mechanics |
Max Planck |
|
Relativity |
Albert Einstein |
|
Thermodynamics |
Sadi Carnot |
|
Algebra |
Brahmagupta |
|
Muhammad Al-Khwarizmi (Algorismi) |
|
Diophantus |
|
Calculus |
Isaac Newton & |
|
Gottfried Leibniz |
|
Computer science |
George Boole & |
|
Alan Turing |
|
Geometry |
Euclid |
|
Number theory |
Pythagoras |
|
Trigonometry |
Aryabhata & Hipparchus |
|
Fuzzy logic |
Lotfi Asker Zadeh |
|
Anthropology |
Herodotus |
|
Geography |
Eratosthenes |
|
Demography |
Ibn Khaldun |
|
History |
Herodotus |
He also coined the term ‘History’ |
International law |
Alberico Gentili |
|
Francisco de Vitoria |
|
Hugo Grotius |
|
Linguistics (early) |
Panini |
|
Sociology |
Ibn Khaldun |
|
Auguste Comte (also coined the term) |
Father of modern sociology |
Accounting and Bookkeeping |
Luca Pacioli |
|
Economics (early) |
Chanakya / Kautilya |
|
Mathematical economics |
Daniel Bernoulli |
|
Microcredit |
Muhammad Yunus |
Founded Grameen Bank |