Introduction
Ecology – the study of the relationship between organisms and the environment
Ecosystems – functional unit of nature encompassing interaction between its biotic and abiotic components.
Habitat – surrounding where organisms live. It has abiotic components like rocks, soil, air, water, and light. It also has biotic components like plants, microorganisms, and animals. 70% of all species are animals [out of 10 animals 7 are insects] and 22% are plants.
Food chain – a series of organisms feeding on each other taking part at various biotic levels. Each step of the food chain is called a trophic level. At each trophic level, 10% of the energy present is passed on to the higher trophic level. [10% law] i.e. from plants to herbivores to carnivores.
The transfer of energy in trophic levels is unidirectional. The pyramid of trophic levels shows a sharp decline from bottom to top.
Living organisms are classified into 5 broad kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
However, the aquatic biomass pyramid is inverted. A small mass of phytoplankton supports a large mass of zooplanktons.
Since at each level organisms are eaten by several other organisms at a higher level, we use food webs to depict these.
Bio-magnification is a phenomenon when harmful substances absorbed by lower levels are passed on to higher trophic levels. However, at higher trophic levels, the concentration of these substances increases [magnifies] as these feed on a large number of organisms from lower trophic levels.
Eutrophication is the natural aging of the river or water body due to nutrient enrichment. Acceleration of this happens when manmade activities release pollutants into the lakes. This affects aquatic life and increases the growth of water hyacinth [most problematic weed]. The lake literally chokes to death.
Biofortification is breeding crops with higher levels of vitamins and minerals.
Bioremediation is the use of microbes to make toxic waste harmless.
Mega biodiversity regions
The mega biodiversity region is the region between the tropic of cancer and Capricorn. This is since the tropical areas have been undisturbed for a long time enough for species diversification also more solar energy is available and temperature is constant and predictable. Half the world’s biodiversity is located in a few countries like Brazil, India, Columbia, the equator, Peru, Indonesia, Zaire, Madagascar, China, and Malaysia.
Acclimatization
Acclimatization: Small but rapid changes taking place in a single organism to overcome changes in the surrounding. When we reach high altitudes, due to low-pressure body doesn’t get enough oxygen and this is countered by increasing breathing rate, RBC count in blood, and reducing binding affinity of hemoglobin.
e.g.: when we move from plains to mountains we breathe faster.
Camels have long legs to keep the body away from the heat of the ground. They don’t sweat, their dung is dry and their urine is very less.
Fishes have streamlined bodies and fins to help move and change direction in the water. They have scales on the skin to protect the body and help in easy movement. Gills help them use oxygen dissolved in water.
Aquatic animals use the carbonates dissolved in seawater to make their shells. This is another reason why CO2 is less in the atmosphere.
As oxygen dissolved in water is less, aquatic animals breathe faster than terrestrial. However as temperature decreases oxygen solubility in water increases, thus aquatic animals are more comfortable in cold waters than in warm.
Scuba divers have a lower concentration of nitrogen and higher conc. of oxygen and helium in the breathing tank as under the pressure of sea the other atmospheric gases dissolve more in blood. When the diver comes to shore, this pressure decreases, and dissolved gases are released. This would create bubbles in blood vessels.
Polar bears have two thick fur layers under their skin and a layer of fat that insulates them from cold.
Small animals are rarely found in cold areas as they might lose body heat quickly due to the larger surface area relative to the volume.
In deep oceans, we find brown algae as only certain components of visible light can penetrate the depth of the sea.
Desert plants like cactus don’t have leaves but spines. They lose very little water by transpiration. Photosynthesis is carried out in the stems. CAM pathway is a special photosynthesis mechanism that keeps stomata closed during it. They have very long roots.
Mountain plants might have a cone-shaped structure with sloping branches or needle-like leaves. The rainwater or snow slides off easily. Animals in such areas have thick skins or fur.
Some birds, fish even insects migrate seasonally to more hospitable regions.
Animals in tropical rainforests see intense competition over food.
Plants lack a nervous system or muscles.
Photochemical smog is formed due to peroxyacetyl nitrate, hydrocarbons, ozone, nitric oxide, formaldehyde, and sunlight. It is called oxidizing smog. To solve this we could plant pinus, junipirus, and pyrus as they metabolize NO2.
To increase CO2 solubility in soft drinks, the bottle is sealed under high pressure.
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