Monthly Current Affairs May 2025
National
1. Recently, the Supreme Court of India recognised digital access as a fundamental right under Article 21 of the Constitution. This landmark judgement mandates that the state must provide an inclusive digital ecosystem.
2. In a landmark ruling, the Supreme Court of India clarified the extent of judicial powers regarding arbitral awards under the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996. A Constitution Bench, led by Chief Justice Sanjiv Khanna, held that appellate courts possess limited authority to modify arbitral awards.
3. Private Member’s Bills (PMBs) serve as important mechanism in India’s parliamentary system. They allow Members of Parliament (MPs) who are not Ministers to propose legislation. This system has become increasingly symbolic due to various challenges. Recent sessions have seen a decline in meaningful discussions on PMBs, raising concerns about democratic engagement.
4. The Enforcement Directorate (ED) has brought into light ongoing challenges in the timely completion of money laundering case trials. Despite the establishment of 100 special courts under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), systemic and procedural hurdles persist. The ED’s recent annual report sheds light on these issues.
5. Jharkhand has completed its data collection on Other Backward Classes (OBCs). This initiative aims to establish quotas for OBCs in urban local bodies. This process aligns with the Supreme Court’s triple test guidelines. These guidelines ensure that OBC reservations are fair and constitutional.
6. Recent studies indicate that the conventional replacement level fertility (RLF) of 2.1 children per woman may not suffice to prevent human extinction in many developed regions. Researchers propose a revised fertility threshold of at least 2.7 children per woman. This shift stems from concerns about population sustainability and the implications of declining birth rates.
7. India achieved milestone by improving its rank on the UNDP’s Human Development Report 2025. The country now stands at 130 out of 193 nations, rising from 133 in 2022. This advancement reflects India’s ongoing efforts to enhance health, education, and income levels. However, challenges such as gender inequality and economic disparities remain prevalent.
8. The Bombay High Court’s recent ruling has declared portion of the Kanjurmarg landfill in Mumbai as a protected forest. This decision poses a serious challenge for the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) as the site processes 90% of the city’s solid waste. The BMC plans to appeal to the Supreme Court to overturn this ruling, fearing an immediate waste management crisis if operations cease.
9. Article 51 of the United Nations Charter, adopted in 1945, addresses the right to self-defence for member states. This provision has implications for international relations and conflict resolution. It allows nations to defend themselves from armed attacks until the Security Council intervenes. Pakistan invoked it recently in response to Operation Sindoor.
10. The Competition Commission of India (CCI) has introduced draft regulations to modernise the assessment of predatory pricing under the Competition Act, 2002. This initiative aims to align with global practices and contemporary economic theories. The proposed CCI (Determination of Cost of Production) Regulations, 2025, will replace the previous 2009 regulations.
11. The Government of India released data revealing the human toll of the COVID-19 second wave in 2021. The report indicates nearly 2.1 million excess deaths compared to expected figures. This number provides a clearer picture of the pandemic’s impact on India’s population.
12. India’s life expectancy at birth has seen a notable decline for the first time in half a century. The average life expectancy dropped by 0.2 years, now estimated at 69.8 years for the period between 2017 and 2021. This decline is as it reflects the impact of various health crises, particularly the COVID-19 pandemic.
13. The Government of India introduced draft rules under a revised oilfields legislation. These rules grant the government pre-emption rights over oil and natural gas during national emergencies. This move aims to ensure national interests and public welfare in critical situations.
14. The Punjab and Haryana water-sharing dispute has intensified recently. The Punjab government restricted the flow of water from the Bhakra dam to Haryana, leading to a potential contempt notice from the Punjab and Haryana High Court. This conflict marks long-standing tensions over water resources in the region.
15. The Supreme Court of India has taken action regarding the Morphological Ridge in Delhi. On 7th May 2025, it issued show cause notices to senior officials from the Delhi government, the Municipal Corporation of Delhi, and a private developer. This follows allegations of violations related to a housing project in an ecologically sensitive area.
16. The Government of India is re-evaluating the concept of safe harbour for social media platforms. This move comes in response to growing concerns about the spread of fake news online. Safe harbour protects websites from legal liability for user-generated content. It encourages innovation while shielding website owners from undue legal pressure.
17. Justice Bhushan Ramkrishna Gavai was sworn in as the 52nd Chief Justice of India. He is notable for being the first Buddhist to hold this prestigious position. His oath-taking ceremony took place at Rashtrapati Bhavan and was attended by various dignitaries, including Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Vice-President Jagdeep Dhankar.
18. In recent developments, President Droupadi Murmu has sought the Supreme Court’s advisory opinion regarding the timelines for the Presidential assent on Bills passed by state Assemblies. This inquiry follows a controversial ruling by the Supreme Court, which mandated a three-month deadline for the President to act on such Bills.
19. The Supreme Court of India has recently mandated states and Union Territories to establish special teams to investigate whether reserved forest land has been improperly allocated to private individuals or institutions. Chief Justice B. R. Gavai, leading the bench, emphasised that if reclaiming the land is not in the public interest, the state should recover its value from the beneficiaries for forest development.
20. The Marang Buru, known as Parasnath Hill, is religious site in Jharkhand. It holds sacred value for both the Santal Adivasi and Jain communities. The Jharkhand High Court recently enforced a ban on the sale and consumption of meat and alcohol on this hill, denoting a long-standing inter-community conflict.
21. The Supreme Court of India made a landmark ruling regarding environmental clearances. It invalidated the 2017 notification and the subsequent 2021 office memorandum that allowed projects to receive ex-post facto environmental clearances. This decision aligns with earlier judgments emphasising the need for prior environmental assessments.
22. India’s position on the World Press Freedom Index has seen a notable improvement in 2025. The country ranked 151st among 180 nations, rising from 159th in the previous year. This change reflects ongoing efforts to enhance media freedom despite challenges.
23. The Sample Registration System (SRS) Statistical Report of 2021 has revealed that India’s Total Fertility Rate (TFR) remains stable at 2.0, which is below the replacement level of 2.1. However, regional variations are stark. Bihar reports the highest TFR at 3.0, while West Bengal and Delhi have the lowest at 1.4. This report marks ongoing demographic trends and challenges across different states.
24. The Jammu and Kashmir Police have recently invoked the Public Safety Act (PSA) against 23 individuals in Srinagar. This action comes amidst ongoing raids by the State Investigation Agency (SIA) targeting suspected militant sleeper cells. Despite claims of normalcy in the region, these detentions highlight ongoing security concerns.
25. Recent developments in Maharashtra have reignited discussions surrounding the Maratha reservation issue. The Bombay High Court has formed a new three-judge Bench to continue hearings on the legality of the 2024 Maharashtra State Reservation for Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBC) Act. This Act grants a 10% reservation in education and public employment for the Maratha community.
26. The Supreme Court has reinstated a pivotal eligibility criterion for aspirants of the judicial services examination. The candidates must possess a minimum of three years of legal practice to qualify for entry-level judicial positions, such as Civil Judge (Junior Division) posts.
27. Obesity in India has reached alarming levels. A recent report by the World Heart Federation indicates that obesity rates in adults have quadrupled globally since 1990. The rise is evident in India, where the number of obese women has surged . The report marks the urgent need for effective obesity management strategies and public health interventions.
28. President Droupadi Murmu referred critical legal questions to the Supreme Court of India under Article 143 of the Constitution. This move marks the advisory jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, a feature rooted in the Government of India Act of 1935. This constitutional mechanism allows the Supreme Court to provide opinions on legal questions, although these opinions are not legally binding.
29. Vice President Jagdeep Dhankar called for a reassessment of a landmark Supreme Court ruling from 1991. The case involved K. Veeraswami, a former Chief Justice of the Madras High Court, and has implications for judicial accountability. Dhankar linked this ruling to ongoing corruption issues within the higher judiciary, emphasizing the need for transparency and reform.
30. The Supreme Court of India has paused the Enforcement Directorate’s investigation into the Tamil Nadu State Marketing Corporation (TASMAC). This decision comes amid claims that the ED is overstepping its authority and undermining the federal structure of governance. The court questioned the legitimacy of prosecuting a corporation instead of individual officials.
31. The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) in India implemented stricter regulations for non-governmental organisations (NGOs) seeking foreign funding. These changes particularly affect NGOs involved in publication activities. The new guidelines aim to enhance accountability and transparency in the utilisation of foreign contributions, ensuring compliance with national and international financial regulations.
32. India is set to submit a dossier to the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) to advocate for Pakistan’s reinstatement on the “grey list”. This move marks ongoing concerns about Pakistan’s compliance with anti-money laundering and counter-terrorism financing regulations.
33. The recent connection of Aizawl, Mizoram’s capital, to the national railway network marks development in North-East India’s transport infrastructure. The Bairabi-Sairang line, stretching 51.38 km, is important addition to the region’s connectivity. This project not only facilitates easier travel but also aims to boost economic growth and regional integration.
34. Mizoram has recently been declared the first state in India to achieve full functional literacy. This announcement comes 34 years after Kerala was recognised as a fully literate state. The definitions and criteria for declaring full literacy have evolved, reflecting changing educational frameworks and societal needs.
35. The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) has been under scrutiny following a recent parliamentary committee meeting. The committee brought into light ambiguities within the IBC and discussed potential amendments. This comes after a Supreme Court ruling that quashed JSW Steel’s resolution plan for Bhushan Power and Steel Ltd (BPSL), raising questions about the effectiveness of the current insolvency framework.
36. The recent discussions surrounding the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025, have reignited debates about the Doctrine of Presumption of Constitutionality in India. This doctrine is a mainstay of Indian constitutional law. It asserts that laws passed by the legislature are presumed constitutional until proven otherwise.
37. Recent studies highlight a severe crisis of child sexual abuse, particularly in India. A global study published in The Lancet reveals alarming statistics about the prevalence of sexual violence against children. The research covers data from 204 countries over three decades, from 1990 to 2023. It shows that nearly one in three Indian women and over one in ten Indian men experienced sexual abuse before the age of 18.
38. Report from the National Statistics Office revealed a stark gender divide in mobile phone ownership in India. The Comprehensive Modular Survey – Telecom (CMS-T) brought into light that nearly half of rural women do not own a mobile phone. This contrasts sharply with the ownership rates among men.
39. The Supreme Court of India delivered a landmark ruling affirming the right to maternity benefits for a Tamil Nadu teacher despite her having two children. This decision overturned a previous ruling by the Madras High Court. It marks the evolving nature of reproductive rights within the framework of Indian law and international human rights.
40. The Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA) introduced new guidelines to regulate the sale of radio equipment, particularly walkie-talkies, on e-commerce platforms. This initiative aims to enhance consumer safety and ensure compliance with legal requirements regarding wireless communication devices.
Monthly Current Affairs May 2025
International
1. India is taking financial measures against Pakistan following the Pahalgam terror attack. This attack resulted in the deaths of 26 people, primarily tourists. In response, India is advocating for Pakistan’s re-entry onto the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) grey list. This move aims to increase scrutiny on Pakistan’s financial transactions and limit its access to foreign investments.
2. The ongoing conflict in Syria continues to reveal deep-seated sectarian tensions. Recent clashes near Damascus have involved Islamist factions, security forces, and the Druze minority. This violence puts stress on the precarious security situation following the overthrow of Bashar al-Assad.
3. Israeli PM Netanyahu announced a plan to expand military operations in Gaza through the operation, named “Gideon’s Chariots”. It aims to defeat Hamas, rescue hostages, and retain captured areas. Netanyahu emphasized no temporary withdrawal – troops will hold captured territory permanently.
4. In recent developments, US President Donald Trump expressed a desire for American troops to assist Mexico in combating drug cartels. This proposition was firmly rejected by Mexican President Claudia Sheinbaum, who emphasised the importance of Mexican sovereignty. This exchange marks the complex nature of US-Mexico relations, particularly regarding military intervention.
5. The United States government announced its decision to officially refer to the Persian Gulf as the Arabian Gulf or Gulf of Arabia. This move aligns with the preferences of Arab Gulf nations and aims to strengthen ties with these countries. The announcement coincided with President Donald Trump’s visit to the Middle East, during which he sought to solidify American alliances in the region.
6. The Quad partners-Australia, Japan, and the United States-recently conducted a Tabletop Exercise in Honolulu, Hawaii. This exercise aimed to simulate the launch of the Indo-Pacific Logistics Network (IPLN). The initiative focuses on improving civilian disaster response capabilities across the Indo-Pacific region.
7. Saudi Arabia is pursuing a civil nuclear programme as part of its Vision 2030 economic strategy. This initiative aims to reduce carbon emissions and optimise oil exports. Discussions with the United States are ongoing, focusing on cooperation in nuclear energy development. However, regional politics and proliferation concerns complicate these negotiations.
8. U.S. President Donald Trump visited Saudi Arabia. During this visit, the U.S. and Saudi Arabia signed the largest defense cooperation agreement in U.S. history, worth $142 billion. The focus of the visit was on encouraging economic ties rather than security issues, reflecting a shift in priorities.
9. A group of Afrikaners arrived in the United States as refugees. This move was facilitated by the Trump administration, which expedited their applications for citizenship. The Afrikaners, who are white South Africans, travelled from Johannesburg on a government-sponsored charter flight. Their arrival has sparked debate regarding their refugee status and the broader implications for US-South Africa relations.
10. Recent tensions between India, Turkey, and Azerbaijan have arisen due to their support for Pakistan in the ongoing conflict. India has launched Operation Sindoor to target terror camps in Pakistan. Due to Turkey’s support for Pakistan, calls were made for boycotting Turkish products and tourism. Online platforms have issued advisories against travel to Turkey and Azerbaijan.
11. US President Donald Trump announced change in policy by lifting sanctions imposed on Syria. This decision comes during his visit to Saudi Arabia, where he expressed a desire to give Syria a chance for recovery and growth. The sanctions, originally placed to penalise the Assad regime, have had a devastating impact on the Syrian populace.
12. The United Kingdom and the European Union are currently engaged in negotiations to establish a new framework for their relationship. This comes five years after Brexit, which saw the UK officially leave the EU. Recent discussions have focused on a comprehensive security agreement and a fishing deal that allows EU vessels continued access to UK waters.
13. New Caledonia is facing a critical juncture in its political landscape. After a failed attempt by French Overseas Minister Manuel Valls to establish a new political accord, uncertainty looms over the territory. The recent collapse of negotiations has intensified the ongoing debate about independence from France.
14. The rivers Indus and Sutlej are crucial for the water security of India and Pakistan. Recent tensions, particularly after the Pahalgam terror attack, have put this treaty in abeyance. The potential for China to manipulate water flow adds another layer of complexity.
15. India is intensifying its diplomatic efforts to garner international support against terrorism emanating from Pakistan. With Pakistan holding a non-permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) during 2025-2026, India aims to solidify alliances with both current and incoming UNSC members. This initiative is part of a broader strategy to isolate Pakistan and highlight its role in supporting terrorist activities.
16. Recent developments have brought renewed attention to Pakistan’s Mohmand Dam project, emphasizing its growing importance amid escalating India-Pakistan tensions. With China expediting construction efforts, the dam has become a strategic nexus of geopolitical, economic, and environmental interests.
17. China and Pakistan announced the expansion of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) to Afghanistan. This move aims to enhance trilateral cooperation among the three nations. The announcement followed a meeting of foreign ministers from China, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. India has opposed this expansion due to concerns over territorial integrity and sovereignty.
18. The recent agreement between the United Kingdom and Mauritius marks shift in the governance of the Chagos Islands. Following a High Court ruling, UK Prime Minister Keir Starmer has formalised the transfer of sovereignty, ending decades of British control. This decision comes after a long history of legal disputes regarding the islands, which were detached from Mauritius in 1965.
19. Chad, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Somalia, South Sudan, and Sudan signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) to eradicate visceral leishmaniasis, commonly known as kala-azar. This event occurred during the 78th World Health Assembly in Geneva, organised by the African Union and the World Health Organization (WHO). Kala-azar is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) with high fatality rates, primarily affecting the underprivileged in East Africa.
20. India implemented trade restriction by closing all land ports with Bangladesh. This decision halted the export of readymade garments and other specific goods, marking a notable downturn in India-Bangladesh relations. The order was issued by the Directorate General of Foreign Trade and is seen as a response to recent tensions between the two nations.
21. The humanitarian crisis in Gaza has reached alarming levels. Recent events highlight the dire situation of food insecurity and the challenges faced by aid organisations. Thousands of Palestinians have been left desperate for food due to a prolonged blockade. The Gaza Humanitarian Foundation, backed by the US and Israel, faced criticism for its aid distribution methods.
Monthly Current Affairs May 2025
Defence
1. In a landmark event, Uttar Pradesh has become the first state in India to enable night landings for fighter jets on an expressway. This achievement was marked by the Indian Air Force (IAF) conducting trials on a newly constructed 3.5-kilometre airstrip along the Ganga Expressway in Shahjahanpur.
2. India has recently achieved milestone by successfully test-firing the Multi Influence Ground Mine (MIGM). This advanced underwater naval mine is developed to enhance the Indian Navy’s operational capabilities against modern stealth ships and submarines.
3. India’s recent decision to halt water flow through the Baglihar Dam on the Chenab River marks development in its water management strategy. This action follows a series of discussions and hydrological assessments. The move is seen as a response to escalating tensions between India and Pakistan, particularly after a tragic terror attack in Jammu and Kashmir.
4. Recent developments have escalated tensions between India and Pakistan following a terror attack in Pahalgam. Recently, Pakistan conducted a successful training launch of the Abdali Weapon System. This surface-to-surface missile has a range of 450 kilometres. The test aimed to assess operational readiness and validate the missile’s advanced navigation system and enhanced manoeuvrability.
5. India’s air defence capabilities are being enhanced with the recent acquisition of Russian-origin Igla-S missiles. These portable, shoulder-fired weapons are designed to target low-flying enemy aircraft, drones, and helicopters. The Indian Army has received these Very Short Range Air Defence Systems (VSHORADS) as part of a Rs. 260 crore emergency procurement contract.
6. In early May 2025, the Indian armed forces executed counterterror operation, ‘Operation Sindoor’. This operation involved targeted strikes on nine terrorist facilities within Pakistan. The primary focus was on the infrastructure of two notorious groups – Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) and Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT). This operation is one of the most extensive cross-border actions by India since the Balakot airstrikes in 2019.
7. The Government of India is enhancing its civil defence capabilities amid rising tensions with Pakistan. A nationwide civil defence mock drill is scheduled for 7th May 2025. This is the first major drill of its kind since the 1971 India-Pakistan war. This exercise aims to assess and improve the readiness of civil defence mechanisms across 244 designated districts.
8. The annual Amarnath Yatra is Hindu pilgrimage that draws thousands of devotees to a sacred cave in Jammu and Kashmir. Scheduled for 3rd July to 9th August 2025, this year’s pilgrimage occurs amid heightened tensions between India and Pakistan. Following a recent terror attack in Pahalgam, security measures have intensified to ensure the safety of pilgrims.
9. India is intensifying efforts to construct four hydroelectric projects on the Chenab River and its tributaries. This move comes amid escalating tensions with Pakistan, particularly after a terrorist attack in Pahalgam. The projects include Pakal Dul, Ratle, Kiru, and Kwar, all located in Jammu and Kashmir’s Kishtwar district.
10. India’s air defence architecture has evolved in recent years. It combines imported, indigenous, and co-developed technologies to create a robust multi-tiered system. This system is designed to counter a wide range of aerial threats, including drones, missiles, and stealth aircraft.
11. GRSE delivered new Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft INS Arnala to the Indian Navy. This milestone enhances the Indian Navy’s capabilities in coastal defence against potential submarine threats. The vessel was launched as part of a contract signed in April 2019, which includes the construction of eight such crafts.
12. India has successfully deployed Israeli-made Harop drones in its operations, particularly during ‘Operation Sindoor’. These drones are advancement in unmanned combat capabilities. Their use marks a shift in modern military strategies.
13. Operation Sindoor marked India’s largest military operation targeting nine terror-linked sites across Pakistan and Pakistan-occupied Kashmir. This operation has reignited discussions on the effectiveness of the Indian Air Force’s Rafale fighters compared to Pakistan’s F-16s.
14. India successfully neutralised a Pakistan military attempt to target military stations in Jammu, Pathankot, and Udhampur. This event involved the destruction of drones and missiles, alongside the downing of Pakistan’s Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) aircraft. This act has severely impacted Pakistan’s air surveillance and operational capabilities.
15. The Territorial Army (TA) serves as a vital component of India’s defence strategy. Amid rising tensions between India and Pakistan, the Government of India has activated the TA to boost military presence across the nation. This move reflects a proactive approach to national security, deploying 14 of the 32 existing TA battalions in strategic military zones.
16. In early May 2025, Pakistan executed drone and missile offensive against India. This escalation followed a deadly terror attack in Pahalgam, resulting in civilian casualties. The Ministry of External Affairs of India confirmed the use of Turkish-made SONGAR drones in this operation. The incident marks the complex geopolitical dynamics in South Asia, especially with Turkey’s backing of Pakistan.
17. In recent developments, India has implemented blackout measures across over 15 cities in response to Pakistani drone and missile attacks targeting Indian military areas. This action is part of a broader strategy to protect civilian populations and military facilities from potential aerial attacks.
18. Recent developments in international relations highlight the importance of ceasefire agreements. On a recent Saturday, the Directors General of Military Operations from India and Pakistan agreed to a ceasefire, halting all military actions. This agreement reflects ongoing efforts to manage tensions and prevent escalation in conflict zones.
19. The BrahMos supersonic cruise missile, first successfully tested on 12th June 2001, is believed to have been used in an actual combat scenario for the first time during Operation Sindoor. This supersonic cruise missile represents a collaboration between India and Russia, showcasing advanced military technology. Its recent operational use during conflicts has brought into light its strategic importance.
20. India and Pakistan reached ceasefire agreement after a week of heightened military tensions along their borders. The ceasefire was initiated during a phone call between the Directors General of Military Operations (DGMOs) of both countries. This agreement aimed to halt all military actions across land, air, and sea, marking a critical step towards de-escalation.
21. India and Pakistan faced military escalation. This marked the most severe hostilities in nearly thirty years. The violence stemmed from an attack in India, which led to rapid retaliation from both sides. Amidst rising tensions, Pakistan used the military hotline to request a ceasefire.
22. Countries are convening at the United Nations to discuss the regulation of autonomous weapons systems. These AI-driven technologies are increasingly used in modern warfare, raising ethical and legal concerns. The urgent need for international standards is telld by the rapid deployment of these systems in conflicts like those in Ukraine and Gaza.
23. India’s counter-terrorism strategy has evolved in recent years. Prime Minister Narendra Modi has introduced a new doctrine that focuses on a robust response to terrorism. This approach has set a new benchmark for India’s military and strategic operations against terrorism, particularly concerning Pakistan.
24. India’s military has recently showcased its Integrated Air Command and Control System (IACCS). This system plays important role in enhancing the nation’s air defence capabilities. During a recent conflict, IACCS demonstrated its ability to provide real-time data from various air defence assets.
25. The Bhargavastra is a revolutionary counter-drone system developed by Solar Defence and Aerospace Limited (SDAL). It addresses the growing threat posed by drone swarms. The system underwent successful testing at the Seaward Firing Range in Gopalpur, Odisha, showcasing its capabilities to detect and neutralise small aerial threats.
26. The Indian Army achieved victory against terrorism in Jammu and Kashmir. Operation Keller resulted in the neutralisation of three Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) terrorists in the Shopian district. This operation is part of India’s ongoing efforts to combat Pakistan-sponsored terrorism in the region.
27. India is advocating for the United Nations to label The Resistance Front (TRF) as a terrorist organisation. This push follows a deadly terror attack in Pahalgam, Jammu and Kashmir, which resulted in 26 fatalities. India aims to present evidence to the UN Security Council’s 1267 Sanctions Committee, denoting TRF’s connections to Pakistan-based terror groups.
28. Exercise Teesta Prahar was military field exercise conducted by the Indian Army in May 2025. It took place at the Teesta Field Firing Range in West Bengal. The exercise aimed to validate the operational readiness of various combat and support elements in challenging riverine terrain. It brought into light the Indian Army’s commitment to modernisation and joint force integration.
29. The Multi Agency Centre (MAC) has undergone upgrades to enhance India’s counter-terrorism capabilities. Recently inaugurated by Union Home Minister Amit Shah, the revamped MAC serves as a national intelligence-sharing fusion centre. It aims to improve coordination among various state and central agencies in combating terrorism and other security threats.
30. Israel has initiated a military offensive called Operation Gideon’s Chariots aimed at pressuring Hamas for the release of Israeli hostages. This announcement follows a series of intense airstrikes and coincides with U.S. President Donald Trump’s recent tour of the Middle East, which notably did not include Israel.
31. The United States government announced the Golden Dome missile defence system. This ambitious project aims to protect the nation from various aerial threats. The system is designed to counter advanced weaponry, including hypersonic missiles and space-launched projectiles. The Golden Dome is expected to be operational by January 2029.
32. The Maoist insurgency in India has persisted for decades, affecting vast regions. Union Home Minister Amit Shah has set a deadline of March 2026 to end this conflict. The insurgency primarily involves the Communist Party of India (Maoist), also known as CPI (Maoist). This group seeks to overthrow the current state through a protracted people’s war.
33. Recently, the Indian armed forces are undergoing transformation with the introduction of Integrated Theatre Commands (ITC). This restructuring aims to enhance operational efficiency and inter-service collaboration. Chief of Defence Staff, General Anil Chauhan, has outlined the roles of theatre commanders and Service Chiefs in this new framework.
34. India has taken steps to boost its self-sufficiency in critical minerals and enhance its defence manufacturing capabilities. The recent suspension of the Indus Waters Treaty with Pakistan marks the geopolitical tensions that can disrupt supply chains. As nations reassess their trade relationships, India aims to reduce dependence on foreign imports for essential minerals and metals.
35. The Sukhoi Su-57E represents Russia’s ambition to compete in the global fifth-generation fighter market. Despite efforts to promote this aircraft, challenges persist. The recent Langkawi International Maritime and Aerospace Exhibition (LIMA 2025) in Malaysia brought into light these difficulties. The expected showcase of the Sukhoi Su-57E did not materialise, as only a scale model was displayed.
36. Operation Sindoor, launched in May 2025, marked shift in India’s military strategy. This operation was notable for its innovative use of “red teaming” in planning. The concept of red teaming involves integrating experts who simulate adversary tactics into the operational planning process. Their purpose is to critically evaluate military strategies and anticipate enemy reactions.
37. India’s Defence Minister Rajnath Singh has approved the execution model for the Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) project. This initiative aims to develop a fifth-generation deep penetration fighter jet for the Indian Air Force (IAF). The project signifies a major step towards enhancing India’s indigenous defence capabilities and encouraging a robust aerospace industry.
38. The Inter-Services Organisations (Command, Control and Discipline) Act 2023 aimss to enhance the operational efficiency of the Indian Armed Forces. The Act was passed during the Monsoon Session of Parliament in 2023, receiving Presidential assent on 15th August 2023. It officially came into force on 10th May 2024. Recent developments include the notification of subordinate rules, which will take effect from 27th May 2025.
39. The 17th edition of the India-Mongolia Joint Military Exercise, dubbed Nomadic Elephant, is set to be held in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. This military collaboration will be held from 31st May to 13th June 2025. It is an annual event alternating between India and Mongolia.
40. The Siliguri Corridor, often termed the “Chicken’s Neck,” is important land link in India. It connects mainland India to its northeastern states. This narrow strip of land, measuring 20–22 km, is surrounded by Nepal, Bhutan, and Bangladesh. As regional dynamics shift, especially with China’s growing influence, the corridor has become vital for India’s national security and connectivity.
41. In recent times, India has faced heightened security concerns, particularly along its western frontier with Pakistan. Following a tragic terrorist attack in Pahalgam, which resulted in 26 fatalities, the Government of India has intensified its civil defence measures. The Ministry of Home Affairs has announced the second edition of a nationwide civil defence mock drill, named ‘Operation Shield’, scheduled for 31st May 2025.
42. In recent discussions, Defence Minister Rajnath Singh brought into light the significance of aircraft carriers in naval warfare. He addressed officers on the INS Vikrant, emphasising its role as a very important asset for the Indian Navy. Aircraft carriers, particularly the INS Vikrant and its counterpart, INS Vikramaditya, are crucial for maintaining maritime dominance.
Monthly Current Affairs May 2025
Business, Economy & Banking
1. The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) recently conducted a pilot study on the Annual Survey of Services Sector Enterprises (ASSSE). This initiative aims to gather vital data on India’s incorporated service sector. The study is a precursor to a comprehensive survey set to begin in January 2026.
2. The Vizhinjam International Seaport, inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, positions Kerala on the global maritime stage. This deep-water port is designed to enhance India’s role in international trade. Developed by Adani Ports and Special Economic Zone Ltd under a public-private partnership, the port represents investment in India’s infrastructure.
3. The NITI Aayog has recently released a report titled ‘Enhancing MSMEs Competitiveness in India’. It was developed in collaboration with the Institute for Competitiveness, outlines strategies to unlock the potential of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in India. The report identifies systemic reforms necessary in financing, skilling, innovation, and market access to boost MSME competitiveness.
4. The India-UK Free Trade Agreement (FTA) was finalised in 2025, marking milestone in bilateral relations. This agreement aims to enhance trade and economic cooperation between two major economies. The FTA was a long-anticipated outcome of negotiations that began in 2022 during Boris Johnson’s tenure as Prime Minister.
5. The Government of India has recently approved the Revised Scheme for Harnessing and Allocating Koyala Transparently in India (SHAKTI) to streamline coal allocation to the power sector. This initiative aims to address both long-term and short-term coal requirements. The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs, led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, simplified the linkage process.
6. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has officially recognised the Fixed Income Money Market and Derivatives Association of India (FIMMDA) as a self-regulatory organisation (SRO). This move aims to enhance supervision in India’s financial markets. This recognition marks a shift from its previous advisory role to a more authoritative position.
7. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has recently announced a new consultative framework for issuing regulations. This approach aims to enhance transparency and stakeholder engagement. It allows stakeholders 21 days to comment on draft regulations. The RBI will also conduct an impact analysis before finalising any new rules.
8. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) introduced comprehensive regulations for digital lending. These guidelines aim to enhance transparency and accountability in the digital lending ecosystem. The new rules require regulated entities to report their digital lending applications through the Centralised Information Management System (CIMS) portal.
9. Bhutan launched the world’s first national-level cryptocurrency tourism payment system in partnership with Binance Pay and DK Bank. This innovative initiative allows travellers to use digital currencies for a wide range of services during their stay in Bhutan.
10. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) recently approved a $1 billion loan to Pakistan as part of its Extended Fund Facility (EFF). This decision follows Pakistan’s request for financial assistance amid economic challenges. The EFF aims to support countries facing balance of payments issues due to structural weaknesses.
11. India has recently announced its intention to impose tariffs on $7.6 billion worth of imports from the United States. This decision comes as a direct response to the U.S. reinstating 25% tariffs on steel and aluminium. The Government of India aims to mirror the impact of these tariffs on its own exports. The new tariffs will take effect thirty days after notification, on 9th May 2025.
12. President Donald Trump announced initiative aimed at reducing prescription drug prices in the United States. This move revives his earlier efforts from his first term, focusing on a policy known as “Most Favored Nation” (MFN). The executive order promises to cut drug prices by as much as 80%. This follows years of rising costs that have burdened American patients compared to other nations.
13. India extended financial assistance to the Maldives by rolling over a $50 million Treasury Bill. A Treasury Bill (T-bill) “rollover” means using the amount received from a maturing T-bill to purchase a new one, thereby continuing the investment for another term. This decision came at the request of the Maldivian government, amid rising economic challenges.
14. The National Statistics Office (NSO) will begin releasing monthly employment numbers through the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS). This initiative aims to provide timely and relevant data regarding employment and unemployment trends across India. The monthly data will be accompanied by quarterly results for rural, urban, and combined areas.
15. India recorded an unemployment rate of 5.1%. This figure was revealed through the newly revamped Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS). For the first time, the data was released monthly, offering real-time vital information about employment trends. The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) aims to enhance employment data accuracy by including rural areas in its surveys.
16. In 2024, China emerged as the leading exporter of electric vehicles (EVs), commanding a 40% share of global exports. The Global EV Outlook 2025 report marks how affordable Chinese models have influenced the electric car market, particularly in emerging economies. Countries such as Thailand, Brazil, and Mexico saw a remarkable increase in the adoption of Chinese electric cars.
17. India’s economy has emerged as a beacon of growth in a turbulent global landscape. The United Nations’ World Economic Situation and Prospects update for 2025 indicates that India is projected to grow at 6.3%. This positions India as the fastest-growing large economy despite challenges such as trade tensions and policy uncertainties affecting the global economy.
18. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) plays important role in the Indian economy. Its surplus transfer to the government is for fiscal planning. The RBI is expected to transfer between Rs. 2.5 lakh crore and Rs. 3 lakh crore for the 2024-25 accounting year. This follows a record transfer of Rs. 2.11 lakh crore in the previous year.
19. The proposed remittance transfer tax is change for non-resident Indians (NRIs) in the United States. The House Ways and Means Committee has advanced the “One Big Beautiful” Tax Act. This legislation aims to extend provisions from the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. It introduces a 5% tax on remittances sent abroad. This tax could affect many NRIs who regularly send money to their families in India.
20. In recent years, India’s economic landscape has been shaped by fluctuating inflation rates and monetary policy adjustments. Between February 2023 and January 2025, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) maintained its repo rate at 6.5%. During this period, inflation averaged 5.2% according to the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
21. India has made strides to become a power-sufficient nation by 2025. The Union Minister of Power, Shripad Naik, announced that the country has added 238 gigawatts (GW) in generation capacity since 2014. This achievement has drastically reduced the gap between energy demand and supply.
22. The Department of Telecommunications (DoT) has introduced the Financial Fraud Risk Indicator (FRI) to combat cyber fraud and financial crime. This initiative is part of the Digital Intelligence Platform (DIP) aimed at empowering financial institutions with actionable intelligence. The FRI categorises mobile numbers based on their risk of financial fraud, aiding in the prevention of cyber crime.
23. The Government of India introduced changes to its payments ecosystem by establishing the Payments Regulatory Board (PRB). This new regulatory body aims to enhance oversight of the payment and settlement systems. It replaces the previous Board for Regulation and Supervision of Payment and Settlement Systems (BPSS) under the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).
24. The recent truce between the United States and China marks shift in their ongoing trade war. Announced on 12th May 2025, this agreement aims to roll back several tariffs and countermeasures that have characterised the economic relationship between the two nations.
25. India has recently imposed restrictions on the import of ready-made garments and other goods from Bangladesh. This decision limits the entry points to just two sea ports – Kolkata and Nhava Sheva. It effectively blocks 11 traditional land routes in the Northeast, marking a major shift in trade dynamics between the two countries. The move follows Bangladesh’s increasing restrictions on Indian goods and signals a recalibration of bilateral trade relations.
26. The Government of India released a very important report titled Designing a Policy for Medium Enterprises by NITI Aayog. This document outlines the essential role medium enterprises play in India’s economic landscape. It marks their potential to transform into contributors to the nation’s GDP and employment.
27. The One Big Beautiful Bill Act of 2025 (OBBBA) has recently passed in the US House of Representatives. This legislation aims to encapsulate President Donald Trump’s policy agenda. The focus now shifts to the US Senate for further deliberation. The bill is over a thousand pages long and contains key elements that could impact the US economy and the Republican Party’s electoral prospects.
28. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has recently updated its Economic Capital Framework (ECF). This revision aims to provide the central bank with enhanced flexibility in managing surplus transfers to the government. This approach ensures that fiscal stability is maintained even in volatile economic conditions.
29. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is making strides towards internationalising the Indian Rupee. Recently, the RBI sought approval from the Government of India to allow domestic banks to lend rupees to overseas borrowers. This initiative aims to enhance the use of the rupee in international trade, particularly with neighbouring countries.
30. India is set to establish its first Artificial Intelligence (AI) Special Economic Zone (SEZ) in Nava Raipur, Chhattisgarh. This landmark project aims to position India as a global technology hub. The SEZ will be developed by RackBank Datacenters Pvt. Ltd. with an investment of Rs. 1,000 crore. It is expected to enhance AI research, development, and deployment across the country.
31. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) reported growth in its balance sheet for the financial year 2024-25. The total balance sheet expanded to Rs. 76.25 lakh crore, marking an 8.2% increase from the previous year. This growth was boosted by substantial gains in foreign exchange transactions and a rise in gold and domestic investments.
32. The Liberalised Remittance Scheme (LRS) is a key policy by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) that allows Indian residents to remit funds abroad. As of 2025, the annual limit for remittance is set at USD 250,000. This scheme facilitates various overseas payments including education, medical treatment, travel, and investments.
Science & Technology
1. The International Thermo-nuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) aims to demonstrate nuclear fusion as a viable energy source. Located in Southern France, it brings together over 30 countries, including India, to build the world’s largest tokamak. This magnetic fusion device is designed to replicate the fusion processes that power the Sun.
2. In discovery, scientists from the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL) have identified the Shiv Shakti point as a valuable site for studying primitive mantle samples on the Moon. This site is where India’s Chandrayaan-3 mission successfully landed on 23rd August 2023. The findings suggest that this location may provide vital information about the Moon’s early geological history.
3. Recent advancements in cosmology reveal that the clumpiness of the universe is crucial for understanding its fundamental nature. The universe, believed to have originated from a Big Bang approximately 13.8 billion years ago, has evolved into a complex structure of galaxies and cosmic phenomena. The Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation, a remnant from the early universe, provides vital information about its initial conditions.
4. The Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) has initiated a submarine cable project to enhance long-term observations of the Indian Ocean. This project, supported by the international scientific community, will improve the understanding of ocean dynamics, seismic activity, and tsunami risks.
5. Neuralink, a neurotechnology company founded by Elon Musk, has made strides in restoring communication for individuals with severe speech impairments. Recently, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted the company a Breakthrough Device Designation for its innovative brain-chip technology. Neuralink aims to assist individuals affected by various neurological disorders, including ALS, stroke, and cerebral palsy, in regaining their ability to communicate.
6. Recent advancements in the field of spintronics have brought into light the significance of altermagnets. These materials exhibit unique spin properties without relying on spin-orbit coupling or net magnetisation. Recently, research team reported the first experimental observation of a two-dimensional layered room-temperature altermagnet.
7. Recently, Voyager 1 reached a distance of 25 billion kilometres from Earth, marking it as the farthest human-made object in space. As humanity contemplates future manned missions to such distances, understanding human physiology in microgravity becomes crucial.
8. The Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF) has initiated the Mission for Advancement of High-impact Areas on Electric Vehicles (MAHA-EV). This initiative responds to the urgent need for innovation in India’s electric vehicle ecosystem. The mission focuses on overcoming critical challenges in electric mobility. It aims to establish India as a global leader in electric vehicle technology.
9. Recent advancements in astrophysics have shed light on the enigmatic phenomena surrounding supermassive black holes. The blazar BL Lacertae, known for its intense jets directed towards Earth, has become a focal point for understanding X-ray emissions in extreme environments. NASA’s Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) played important role in this exploration, collaborating with ground-based telescopes to unravel the mechanisms behind X-ray generation in blazar jets.
10. The Kosmos 482 spacecraft, launched in 1972, is set to re-enter Earth’s atmosphere after over 50 years in orbit. Originally intended for a mission to Venus, it malfunctioned shortly after launch and remained in low Earth orbit. The spacecraft is expected to fall back to Earth around 10th May 2025.
11. Recent research has revealed a new subtype of Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY). Conducted by the Madras Diabetes Research Foundation (MDRF) and Washington University School of Medicine, this discovery marks the importance of genetic testing in diabetes management.
12. Recent advancements in nuclear physics have revealed remarkable vital information about the transmutation of lead into gold. This process, once a fantasy of medieval alchemists, has now been quantified by the ALICE collaboration at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Their findings highlight a new mechanism through which lead nuclei can transform into gold, reinforcing the significance of high-energy collisions in particle physics.
13. Recent developments in dark matter research highlight the ongoing efforts to detect elusive particles that may constitute this mysterious substance. The MAgnetized Disk and Mirror Axion eXperiment (MADMAX) has emerged as a promising initiative. It aims to identify dark matter candidates.
14. Scientists revealed a pioneering pangenome for rice. This reference genome integrates genetic data from 144 wild and cultivated rice varieties across Asia. The initiative mirrors the Human Genome Project, aiming to enhance rice cultivation. Rice serves as a staple for nearly two-thirds of the global population.
15. Recent studies have revealed vital information about Earth’s magnetic field. Scientists have converted magnetic signals into sound to highlight its fluctuations over the past 1,00,000 years. This innovative approach has led to the creation of soundtracks that capture historical geomagnetic events.
16. India is set to enhance its surveillance capabilities with the launch of the EOS-09 satellite on 18th May 2025. This satellite will be deployed from the Sriharikota spaceport using the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV). A delegation of lawmakers will witness this event, denoting the growing importance of space technology in governance.
17. The HAYSTAC (Haloscope at Yale Sensitive to Axion Cold Dark Matter) experiment is a leading research initiative aimed at detecting axions. These hypothetical particles are considered promising candidates for dark matter. In a recent study, HAYSTAC reported the most extensive search for axions to date, employing innovative techniques to enhance sensitivity.
18. Scientists announced the discovery of a new species of ribbon worm named Pararosa vigarae off the coast of Galicia, Spain. This unique species, known as the “accordion worm,” can contract its body into ring-like folds, resembling an accordion. The identification of this worm was confirmed through a combination of morphological traits and molecular genetic analysis, marking advancement in the understanding of marine biodiversity.
19. The Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains lie hidden beneath Antarctica’s thick ice sheet. These mountains were first discovered in 1958 and are one of the least understood tectonic features on Earth. Recent studies reveal their formation over 500 million years ago. This discovery sheds light on the evolution of mountains and continents over geological time.
20. Recent developments in meteorological practices have emerged due to budget cuts affecting the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The Trump administration’s decision to reduce NOAA’s budget by 25% has led to decrease in weather balloon launches across the United States. In response, a Silicon Valley startup plans to replace traditional weather balloons with AI-powered alternatives.
21. Recent investigations by astronomers from the Russian Academy of Sciences using the Spektr-RG (SRG) space observatory have led to the identification of 11 new active galactic nuclei (AGNs). AGNs are regions at the centre of galaxies that emit immense amounts of light and energy, often due to black holes or intense star formation.
22. Recent studies have brought into light the potential benefits of the shingles vaccine beyond preventing the painful viral infection. Research from South Korea indicates that vaccinated individuals may experience a 23% lower risk of developing cardiovascular diseases.
23. Recent findings from NASA’s GRAIL mission have revealed differences between the Moon’s two hemispheres. The study indicates that the nearside of the Moon, which faces Earth, is geologically distinct from the far side. This discovery sheds light on the Moon’s formation and internal structure.
24. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) faced setback with the failure of the PSLV-C61 mission on 18th May 2025. This mission aimed to launch the Earth observation satellite EOS-09. The failure occurred in the third stage of the flight. This incident marks a rare occurrence for the PSLV, a vehicle known for its reliability and success in satellite launches.
25. The issue of gender disparity in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) fields remains concern globally. Despite various initiatives, only 35% of STEM graduates are women. This statistic has not improved over the past decade. Research by UNESCO’s Global Education Monitoring (GEM) marks the barriers women face in pursuing STEM careers.
26. Recent advancements in solid-state battery technology have shown promise in enhancing battery longevity and performance. Researchers have identified that mechanical laws play important role in addressing issues like dendrite growth, which leads to battery failure. Solid-state batteries, or SSBs, use a solid electrolyte instead of a liquid one, which improves energy density and safety.
27. The “Bird-Wing” event is solar eruption observed recently by NASA satellites. This visually striking phenomenon featured plasma shaped like wings, ejected from the Sun’s northern hemisphere. The plasma stream extended over one million kilometres, more than twice the distance from Earth to the Moon. Astronomers have warned that this event could impact Earth, causing potential disruptions.
28. Prostate cancer is health issue affecting men globally. Recent developments highlight the importance of awareness and early diagnosis. The diagnosis of former U.S. President Joe Biden has brought attention to this aggressive form of cancer. It puts stress on the need for effective management strategies and understanding of the disease.
29. Recent research has revealed a colossal solar storm that struck Earth approximately 14,300 years ago. This event is now recognised as the most powerful solar storm ever detected. The study marks the significance of understanding ancient solar activity and its implications for current infrastructure.
30. Recent studies have reignited interest in A-to-I mRNA editing, a process that adds complexity to our understanding of genetics. This editing mechanism, involving the conversion of adenosine (A) to inosine (I) in mRNA, plays important role in protein synthesis. While the phenomenon was not known during Theodosius Dobzhansky’s time, its implications are now being explored in various organisms, including fungi.
31. The race for efficient energy storage has intensified as the world moves towards electrification. Traditional lithium-ion batteries have been the backbone of this shift. However, their high costs and limited lithium resources pose challenges. Recently, a team of researchers in Bengaluru has developed an innovative sodium-ion battery that promises faster charging and greater longevity.
32. Jayant Narlikar, a prominent Indian astrophysicist, passed away on 20th May 2025. He was renowned for his contributions to theoretical physics, particularly the Hoyle-Narlikar theory of gravity. This theory, developed in collaboration with Fred Hoyle in 1964, sought to expand upon Albert Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity.
33. Recent research aboard the Tiangong Space Station has revealed a new bacterial species named Niallia tiangongensis. This discovery occurred during the Shenzhou 15 mission, which returned to Earth in June 2023. Niallia tiangongensis is an aerobic, spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium.
34. Recent advancements in material science have led to the discovery of a new class of materials known as intercrystals. Researchers from Rutgers University-New Brunswick have revealed their unique electronic properties, which could influence future technologies.
35. An Indigo flight from Delhi to Srinagar faced extreme turbulence while flying through a thunderstorm. This incident involved 227 passengers and resulted in visible damage to the aircraft, particularly a broken nose section. The event, shared widely on social media, brought into light the dangers of flying in adverse weather conditions.
36. Recent research from the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) in Thiruvananthapuram has revealed findings regarding blue light’s effects on fungi. Scientists discovered that prolonged exposure to blue light can cause genetic mutations in budding yeast. This research addresses the growing challenge of fungal resistance to traditional anti-fungal drugs.
37. Scientists have discovered compounds that target the Plasmodium falciparum parasite during its development in Anopheles mosquitoes. This breakthrough could enhance malaria control efforts, particularly in resource-poor regions where the disease is prevalent.
38. China is set to launch its first mission to survey and sample a near-Earth asteroid this week. The Tianwen-2 mission aims to explore 469219 Kamo’oalewa, a unique asteroid that orbits the Sun close to Earth. This mission places China among a select group of countries capable of sampling and returning materials from asteroids, joining the ranks of the United States and Japan.
39. A new sub-variant of Covid-19, named NB.1.8.1, was identified in India. This variant is a descendant of the Omicron lineage JN.1 and has raised concerns due to its potential transmissibility. The World Health Organization (WHO) classified it as a ‘Variant Under Monitoring’ (VUM), indicating that its mutations warrant further observation, although it is not currently deemed a ‘Variant of Interest’.
40. Recent discoveries in Canada have revealed a new Cambrian sea creature named Mosura fentoni. Found in the Burgess Shale, this ancient arthropod offers vital information about the evolution of early radiodonts. The findings suggest that these creatures were more diverse and specialised than previously understood.
41. Researchers have discovered new species of cave-dwelling fish, named Schistura densiclava. It was found in Krem Mawjingbuin, a cave near Mawsynram. This discovery puts stress on the rich biodiversity of Meghalaya’s subterranean ecosystems.
42. The Bharat Forecast System was launched by Union Minister of Earth Sciences Dr. Jitendra Singh in 2025. This system represents one of the world’s first indigenously developed high-resolution weather forecast solutions. It aims to enhance the precision of weather predictions in India, contributing to the nation’s economic growth and resilience against climate challenges.
43. Recent advancements in quantum materials research have revealed a novel method for identifying topological invariants. These invariants are properties of topological spaces that remain unchanged through continuous transformations. Topological materials are crucial for the development of technologies such as quantum computing and energy-efficient systems.
44. The recent storm that struck Delhi showcased a unique phenomenon known as a bow echo. This meteorological event was visually represented on weather radar as a crescent shape. Bow echoes are because they often precede severe windstorms. During the Delhi storm, wind speeds reached up to 100 km/h. Understanding bow echoes is crucial for predicting severe weather events.
45. A nine-month-old boy became the first known recipient of a custom gene-editing treatment. He suffers from CPS1 deficiency, a rare genetic disorder that leads to toxic ammonia levels in the blood. This treatment was developed by researchers at the University of Pennsylvania and the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, utilising an advanced technique known as base editing, a refined version of the CRISPR-Cas9 technology.
46. In recent years, advancements in genetic research have shed light on the foundational work of Gregor Mendel. His experiments with pea plants laid the groundwork for modern genetics. Mendel’s findings, initially overlooked, have been revisited and expanded upon using cutting-edge technology. A recent study has resolved long-standing questions about Mendel’s observations, revealing the genetic factors behind traits he studied.
47. Recent research has revealed vital information about the immune system’s response to malaria, focusing on a previously underappreciated immune cell known as TR1 cells. This discovery, published in April 2025, suggests that TR1 cells play important role in mounting an effective immune response against malaria. The findings have implications for vaccine development and the management of other challenging infections.
48. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) released the Indian Space Situational Assessment Report (ISSAR) for 2024 on 22nd April 2025. This report marks the state of space situational awareness activities in India. It aims to protect national space assets from various hazards, including space debris and natural objects.
Monthly Current Affairs May 2025
Government Schemes
1. The Government of India has recently approved the enumeration of castes in the upcoming Census. This decision by the Cabinet Committee on Political Affairs (CCPA) marks shift in policy. The demand for a caste census has been a long-standing issue in Indian politics, with various parties advocating for it over decades.
2. The Odisha government has launched Sahajog, a groundbreaking initiative aimed at enhancing access to government welfare schemes for the urban poor. Officially inaugurated on 1st May 2025, it seeks to bridge the gap between urban poverty and available state assistance.
3. The Election Commission of India (ECI) is set to launch ECINET, a comprehensive digital platform. This initiative aims to unify over 40 existing mobile and web applications into a single interface. The ECI’s goal is to enhance user experience for voters, election officials, political parties, and civil society.
4. The Repairability Index (RI) framework in the mobile and electronics sector has been established to enhance consumer rights and promote sustainable practices. The initiative aims to empower consumers by providing clear information on the repairability of products. This comes in response to increasing complaints regarding repair difficulties for mobile devices.
5. The Haryana government has launched the “Pandit Lakhmi Chand Kalakar Samajik Samman Yojana.” This initiative aims to support senior artists and art scholars financially. The scheme provides a monthly honorarium to eligible individuals who have contributed to the arts.
6. The Government of India has taken steps to enhance technical education through the expansion of Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) and the upgradation of Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs). The Union Cabinet approved these initiatives in May 2025, aiming to improve the quality of vocational education and address the skills gap in the workforce.
7. Delhi’s Directorate of Education introduced PRASHAST app for early identification of students with disabilities. This initiative aligns with the National Education Policy 2020 and the Right to Education Act 2009, aiming to create equitable learning environments.
8. The Government of India introduced a cashless treatment scheme for road accident victims on 5th May 2025. This initiative ensures that individuals injured in road accidents receive immediate medical care without financial barriers. The scheme allows for treatment costs up to Rs. 1.5 lakh per person, per accident, without any upfront payment.
9. Indore has recently become the first beggar-free city in India. This transformation was announced by district magistrate Ashish Singh, who brought into light the successful rehabilitation of approximately 5,000 beggars. The initiative began in February 2024 and has garnered recognition from the Union Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, as well as a commendation from a World Bank team.
10. The Maharashtra Cabinet has recently approved the Adishakti Abhiyan. This initiative aims to enhance grassroots women’s empowerment. The announcement coincided with the 300th birth anniversary of Ahilyabai Holkar, a revered figure in Maharashtra’s history. The Adishakti Abhiyan focuses on implementing and raising awareness about various government schemes aimed at women and children.
11. The Government of India has recently expanded the Credit Guarantee Scheme for Startups (CGSS) to enhance financial support for early-stage companies. This initiative aims to facilitate access to debt funding and encourage innovation across various sectors. The Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) announced changes to the scheme, designed to encourage startups and boost the national economy.
12. Bihar has emerged as a leader in the successful implementation of the Pradhan Mantri Formalisation of Micro Food Processing Enterprises (PMFME) scheme for the financial year 2024-25. The state’s industries minister, Nitish Mishra, announced that 10,296 applicants received loan approvals. Out of these, 6,589 units benefited from disbursed loans, representing 63% of total distributions.
13. The Tapti Basin Mega Recharge Project is initiative aimed at enhancing regional water security between Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. Recently, the governments of both states signed an MoU to jointly implement this project. The agreement was finalised during a meeting of the Madhya Pradesh-Maharashtra Inter-State Control Board in Bhopal.
14. Since October 2024, Kerala has been at the forefront of a cleanliness movement called ‘Vruthi’. This initiative focuses on the cleanliness of both body and mind. The campaign has garnered widespread support from various sectors, including government officials, celebrities, and citizens. Recently, the ‘Vruthi 2025 – The Clean Kerala Conclave’ attracted around 25,000 participants, showcasing the commitment to waste management.
15. The Kerala government announced plans to approach the Supreme Court regarding the Centre’s withholding of Rs. 1,500 crore in education funding. This decision follows Kerala’s refusal to adopt the Prime Minister’s Schools for Rising India (PM SHRI) scheme.
16. India’s rural areas often lack access to reliable electricity. Off-grid solar projects have emerged as a viable solution. The Union Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has recently amended its efficiency standards for solar modules. This change aims to enhance rural electrification by allowing lower efficiency modules in government-approved projects.
17. The Assam government has recently launched policy aimed at combating human trafficking and witch-hunting. This initiative was announced on 16th May 2025, by the Department of Women and Child Development. The policy acknowledges the serious impact of these crimes on women and girls in Assam.
18. The Shillong-Silchar Highway project is set to transform connectivity in North-East India. This 166.8 km four-lane highway will connect Mawlyngkhung in Meghalaya to Panchgram in Assam. It is the first high-speed corridor in the region and is expected to be completed by 2030. The project aims to reduce travel time and enhance economic activity.
19. The Amrit Bharat Station Scheme is initiative aimed at modernising Indian Railways. Launched in 2023, it focuses on redeveloping over 1,300 railway stations across India. As of May 2025, more than 100 stations have been completed and are ready for public use.
20. India took step in combating cybercrime with the launch of the e-Zero FIR initiative. This initiative was announced by Union Home Minister Amit Shah as part of the Indian Cybercrime Coordination Centre (I4C). The primary aim is to expedite the process of registering First Information Reports (FIRs) for high-value cyber financial fraud cases. The pilot project commenced in Delhi and is set to expand nationwide.
21. The Government of India launched the ‘Sagar Mein Samman’ initiative to enhance women’s participation in the maritime sector. This initiative was revealed by Union Minister Shri Sarbananda Sonowal during the International Day for Women in Maritime celebrations in Mumbai. The goal is to create a gender-equitable workforce in maritime operations, from docks to decision-making boards.
22. The Government of India has launched a revamped Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) portal. This initiative aims to improve immigration facilities for OCI cardholders. The new portal was introduced by Union Home Minister Amit Shah in May 2025. It responds to the needs of over 5 million OCI cardholders, ensuring a seamless experience for Indian-origin citizens worldwide.
23. In 2024-25, the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) faced challenges despite an increase in household registrations. A report by LibTech India brought into light a troubling decline in employment generation. The findings indicate a growing disconnect between the scheme’s outreach and its actual implementation.
24. The Government of India launched digital initiatives to enhance the Public Distribution System (PDS). The initiatives include the Depot Darpan Portal, Anna Mitra, and Anna Sahayata. These platforms aim to improve transparency and efficiency in delivering subsidised food grains to over 81 crore beneficiaries under the National Food Security Act.
25. Mizoram has made history by becoming the first fully literate state in India. The announcement was made by Chief Minister Lalduhoma during a ceremony in Aizawl. This achievement follows years of dedicated efforts to improve literacy rates across the state. Mizoram’s literacy rate now stands at an impressive 98.20%, as confirmed by the PFLS survey for 2023-24.
26. The Delhi government announced subsidy for households installing rooftop solar panels. This initiative aims to promote clean and affordable energy in the national capital. The government seeks to install solar panels in 2,30,000 households over the next three years.
27. Madhya Pradesh has initiated the Rahveer Scheme to incentivise good Samaritans who assist accident victims. This decision was made during a special cabinet meeting held at the historic Rajwada Fort in Indore. The scheme offers a reward of Rs. 25,000 to individuals who help transport accident victims to medical facilities.
28. The Telangana government is pioneering a unique initiative aimed at measuring social and economic disparities across various sub-castes. This effort stems from the findings of the Social Education Employment Economic Political Caste (SEEEPC) Survey conducted in 2024. The expert working group, led by Justice Sudarshan Reddy (Retd.).
29. The recent decision by the Maharashtra government to merge the Konkan Railway Corporation Limited (KRCL) with Indian Railways marks development in India’s railway infrastructure. This merger follows approvals from Goa, Karnataka, and Kerala, paving the way for the integration of a vital railway line into the national network.
30. The recently launched Yashoda AI – Your AI SAKHI aims to enhance women’s literacy in artificial intelligence and digital awareness. Spearheaded by the National Commission for Women (NCW), it targets women from rural and semi-urban areas. The programme aligns with India’s vision of a Viksit Bharat, promoting technology and inclusion.
31. Pithoragarh, located in Uttarakhand, has recently inaugurated its first community radio station, Panchshul Pulse. This station aims to serve the border communities by blending local culture, weather updates, and village stories. The station was launched by Lieutenant General Anindya Sengupta, the general officer commanding-in-chief of the central command.
32. Saudi Arabia has recently launched TOURISE, a global platform aimed at transforming the tourism industry. It seeks to connect leaders across tourism, technology, investment, and sustainability sectors. This initiative comes as the kingdom aims to solidify its position as a leading global tourism hub, following its success in exceeding the Vision 2030 target of 100 million visitors by 2024.
33. The Delhi government received boost for its sewer connection initiative. The Centre approved Rs. 800 crore in financial assistance under the Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) scheme 2.0. This funding is very important for providing sewer connections in slums and unauthorised colonies. The approval came during a meeting between the Delhi Jal Board (DJB) officials and the apex committee responsible for implementing the AMRUT scheme.
34. The Government of India has renewed its Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme to boost domestic pharmaceutical manufacturing. This initiative focuses on increasing the production of critical pharmaceutical products. The Department of Pharmaceuticals has invited applications from manufacturers for 11 essential products.
35. The National Writeshop on the Panchayat Advancement Index (PAI) Version 2.0 commenced recently in New Delhi. This two-day event was attended by key officials from various ministries and organisations. The PAI 2.0 Portal was launched alongside the Local Indicator Framework Booklet and the Standard Operating Procedure for FY 2023-24. The initiative aims to enhance performance assessment and governance in Gram Panchayats across India.
36. The Tamil Nadu Cabinet approved the Space Industrial Policy during a meeting led by Chief Minister M. K. Stalin. This policy aims to stimulate growth in the state’s space sector, following similar initiatives by Karnataka and Gujarat. The Indian Space Policy 2023 provides a supportive framework for the national space ecosystem. Tamil Nadu is strategically positioned to enhance its space capabilities.
37. The Government of India has approved the continuation of the Modified Interest Subvention Scheme (MISS) for the fiscal year 2025-26. This scheme aims to provide affordable short-term credit to farmers through Kisan Credit Cards (KCC). The Union Cabinet’s decision comes in response to the need for sustained financial support for the agricultural sector.
38. The Department of Posts, part of the Ministry of Communications, recently revealed two innovative digital platforms – ‘Know Your DIGIPIN’ and ‘Know Your PIN Code’. This launch aligns with the National Geospatial Policy 2022, aiming to enhance India’s addressing system and geospatial governance.
39. The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has launched a nationwide initiative to combat obesity and enhance food safety. This initiative aligns with the Prime Minister’s call for urgent action against rising obesity rates and a 10% reduction in oil consumption. The FSSAI’s appeal was brought into light during the 47th Central Advisory Committee (CAC) meeting held on 27th May 2025, in New Delhi.
40. The Viksit Krishi Sankalp Abhiyan is agricultural campaign launched in India. It aims to enhance agricultural practices and support farmers across the nation. Scheduled from 29th May to 12th June 2025, it will cover various states and engage with approximately 1.5 crore farmers.
41. The Government of India is intensifying efforts to combat illegal immigration. The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has mandated states and Union Territories to verify the citizenship status of individuals applying for essential documents. This initiative aims to prevent foreigners from fraudulently obtaining Indian identification and benefits.
42. The Government of India has initiated a comprehensive evaluation of Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSSs) and Central Sector Schemes (CSs). This exercise aims to assess the effectiveness and relevance of these schemes over the next five years, starting from April 2026. The evaluation aligns with the 16th Finance Commission cycle and follows a workshop led by key officials from the Ministry of Finance.
43. The Honorary Rank Promotion Scheme is a recent initiative by the Ministry of Home Affairs in India. It aims to honour retiring personnel from the Central Armed Police Forces and the Assam Rifles. It awards a one-rank higher honorary title to these individuals on their retirement day.
44. The AyushSuraksha Portal was launched recently to boost consumer protection in traditional medicine in India. This initiative is part of the Ministry of Ayush’s efforts to enhance transparency and accountability. The portal aims to empower citizens and professionals to actively participate in safeguarding the integrity of Ayush systems.
45. The Swachh Survekshan Grameen (SSG) 2025 was launched by Union Minister of Jal Shakti, Shri C. R. Patil, in New Delhi. This initiative aims to assess rural sanitation across India. It is part of the government’s ongoing commitment to improving sanitation and hygiene in rural areas.
46. The Niveshak Shivir initiative was launched by the Investor Education and Protection Fund Authority (IEPFA) on 1st June 2025. This pilot program aims to enhance investor engagement by facilitating direct interactions between investors, companies, and Registrars and Transfer Agents (RTAs). The inaugural event took place in Pune and is part of a broader strategy to address unclaimed dividends and shares in India.
47. The Unified Pension Scheme (UPS) was introduced by the central government to provide additional benefits to retired National Pension System (NPS) subscribers. This scheme applies to those who retired on or before 31st March 2025, and have a minimum of 10 years of qualifying service. The UPS aims to enhance pension security for government employees by offering a fixed pension amount.
Monthly Current Affairs May 2025
Awards & Honours
1. Russia commemorated the 80th anniversary of Victory Day by honouring Biju Patnaik, a former Chief Minister of Odisha. The Russian embassy in New Delhi invited Naveen Patnaik, Biju’s son and current Biju Janata Dal (BJD) president, to a special reception. This event recognised Biju Patnaik’s contributions during World War II, particularly his role in the Battle of Stalingrad.
2. Joseph Nye, an influential American political scientist, passed away on 6th May 2025, at the age of 88. He was renowned for introducing the term “soft power” in international relations. Nye’s work shaped the understanding of how nations exert influence without resorting to coercion.
3. Dr. M. R. Srinivasan, a pioneering Indian nuclear scientist and mechanical engineer, passed away on 20th May 2025 in Udhagamandalam, Tamil Nadu, at the age of 95. Renowned for his instrumental role in India’s nuclear energy programme, he served as the former Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission and was the founding Chairman of the Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL).
4. Tapan Kumar Deka, a veteran Indian Police Service (IPS) officer, has been granted a one-year extension as Director of the Intelligence Bureau (IB), India’s premier domestic intelligence agency. The extension, effective until June 2026, was approved by the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet and comes in recognition of his critical contributions to national security.
5. On 22nd May 2025, President Droupadi Murmu, the Supreme Commander of the Indian Armed Forces, honoured brave personnel with gallantry awards during a Defence Investiture Ceremony at Rashtrapati Bhavan. A total of 39 awards, including 6 Kirti Chakras and 33 Shaurya Chakras, were conferred on individuals from the Indian Army, Navy, Air Force and others departments.
6. Indian author, lawyer, and activist Banu Mushtaq has made literary history by winning the International Booker Prize 2025 for her short story anthology, Heart Lamp. The award marks the first time a Kannada-language work has received this prestigious international honor. Translated into English by Deepa Bhasthi, the book highlights the nuanced struggles and resilience of Muslim women in southern India.
7. Prime Minister Narendra Modi attended the Civil Investiture Ceremony-II held at Rashtrapati Bhavan, where India’s prestigious Padma Awards were conferred upon distinguished personalities. The awards recognize exemplary contributions to society across diverse fields, and this year, 139 individuals were honoured for their service and dedication.
8. In a momentous celebration of India’s literary richness, President Droupadi Murmu presented the 58th Jnanpith Award to poet-lyricist Gulzar and scholar-saint Rambhadracharya at Vigyan Bhavan, New Delhi. Gulzar through his emotionally resonant poetry and songwriting, and Rambhadracharya through his erudite Sanskrit and Hindi compositions, along with his work in education and spiritual literature.
9. Sadhguur, a well-known spiritual leader and the founder of the Isha Foundation, has received the ‘Global Indian of the Year’ award from the Canada India Foundation (CIF). This award was given to him for his strong efforts in spreading awareness about human consciousness and environmental protection.
Sports
1. Liverpool have been crowned Premier League Champions for the 2024-25 season after a stunning 5-1 win over Tottenham Hotspur at Anfield Stadium. With this victory, they have lifted their 20th top-division title, equaling Manchester United’s record in English football.
2. The Olympic Council of Asia (OCA) has confirmed that Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) will make its debut at the Asian Games 2026, scheduled to be held in Japan’s Aichi and Nagoya prefectures.
3. Prime Minister Narendra Modi virtually inaugurated the seventh edition of the Khelo India Youth Games (KIYG) in Patna, Bihar. Hosted across multiple cities, the Games have drawn more than 10,000 participants, including over 6,000 athletes, from across India. This event marks Bihar’s first major multi-discipline sports hosting, reinforcing its potential as a major sports hub in India.
4. On 7th May 2025, Rohit Sharma announced his retirement from Test cricket. He made this decision shortly before the upcoming India vs England Test series, despite earlier expressing interest in leading the squad. The BCCI’s decision to look for a younger leader ahead of the new 2025-27 World Test Championship (WTC) cycle influenced this move.
5. Indian cricket legend Virat Kohli has officially announced his retirement from Test cricket, marking the end of a historic and transformative chapter in the sport. Kohli, known for his unmatched passion, aggressive captaincy, and consistent run-scoring ability, leaves the format with a legacy that will be hard to replicate.
6. India’s top archer, Deepika Kumari, secured a bronze medal at the Archery World Cup Stage 2 held in Shanghai on 11th May 2025. After a tough semifinal loss to world No. 1 Lim Sihyeon, Deepika displayed remarkable resilience and composure to defeat Korea’s Kang Chae Young 7-3 in the bronze medal playoff.
7. The International Cricket Council (ICC) has announced a record USD 3.6 million prize for the winners of the World Test Championship (WTC) Final 2023-25, which will be played between South Africa and Australia at Lord’s, starting 11th June 2025. This prize pool marks more than double the amount awarded in previous editions, showcasing the ICC’s intent to elevate the prestige of Test cricket in the modern era.
8. Pankaj Advani, India’s most decorated cueist, won the 2025 CCI Billiards Classic title, held at the Cricket Club of India (CCI), Mumbai, by defeating Dhruv Sitwala 5-2 in the final match. The win marks Advani’s third title at the CCI Billiards Classic and adds to his astonishing tally of 28 world championships across billiards, snooker, and pool.
9. In a landmark moment for Indian athletics, Neeraj Chopra breached the 90 m mark for the first time in his career at the Doha leg of the 2025 Diamond League held on 16th May. With a throw of 90.23 m, Chopra became the first Indian and only the third Asian to achieve this feat in men’s javelin. However, despite leading for most of the competition, Chopra was overtaken in the final round by Germany’s Julian Weber, who clinched first place with a throw of 91.06 m.
10. India defeated Bangladesh 4-3 on penalties in the final of the SAFF U-19 Championship 2025, held on 18th May 2025. The match ended 1-1 in regulation time, and this win marks India’s second SAFF U-19 title, highlighting the growing strength of the country’s youth football infrastructure.
11. Kami Rita Sherpa, a 55-year-old Nepali mountaineer, recently made headlines by breaking his own record for the most ascents of Mount Everest. On 27th May 2025, he successfully reached the summit for the 31st time. Leading a 22-member team from the Indian Army, he followed the traditional southeast ridge route.
12. Rohit Sharma, one of the most prolific and celebrated batters in Indian Premier League (IPL) history, etched his name into the record books once again by becoming the first Indian cricketer to hit 300 sixes in the IPL. The historic moment came during the IPL 2025 Eliminator match between Mumbai Indians (MI) and Gujarat Titans (GT) at New Chandigarh on 30th May 2025.
Monthly Current Affairs May 2025
Monthly Current Affairs April 2025
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