Monthly Current Affairs July 2025
National
1. The Santhal Hul, event in tribal history, marks its 170th anniversary in 2025. This rebellion, which began in 1855, is celebrated annually in Jharkhand as ‘Hul Diwas’ on 30th June. It represents a very important moment of resistance against colonial oppression in India.
2. The Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso, is the spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhism. His recent statements have sparked discussions about the future of the institution of the Dalai Lamas. On 30th June 2025, he indicated that the continuation of this institution will occur under a defined framework. This statement comes as he approaches his 90th birthday on 6th July 2025.
3. India and Pakistan conducted their biannual exchange of prisoner lists. This exchange is part of the Agreement on Consular Access established in 2008. It aims to enhance transparency and cooperation regarding humanitarian issues between the two nations. The lists included number of civilian prisoners and fishermen from both sides.
4. The Western Ghats, a UNESCO World Heritage site, are facing critical discussions on the designation of Ecologically Sensitive Areas (ESAs). An expert panel is actively reviewing proposals from Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Goa. This follows a prolonged period of indecision concerning environmental protection in this vital region.
5. The Employment Linked Incentive (ELI) Scheme was approved by the Union Cabinet in 2025. It aims to boost job creation and enhance employability across various sectors. The scheme focuses particularly on the manufacturing sector. It was introduced as part of a broader initiative to support 4.1 crore youth with a budget of Rs. 2 lakh crore.
6. In recent years, birth registration in India has seen developments. Bihar, historically lagging in this area, has shown improvement. In 2022, the state registered 71% of births within the prescribed 21-day period. This is a notable increase from previous years. Nationally, the trend has been towards digitalisation and better compliance with registration laws.
7. The Department of Telecommunications (DoT) and the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) in India are improving disaster communication systems. These systems aim to provide timely information to citizens during emergencies. A key initiative is the Integrated Alert System (SACHET), which uses the Common Alerting Protocol (CAP) recommended by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).
8. The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) of India rejoined the Unicode Consortium as a Supporting Member. This move positions India as one of only two government members with voting rights within the consortium.
9. The Supreme Court of India addressed the issue of Other Backward Class (OBC) certificates for children of single mothers. A plea was filed by a single mother seeking an OBC certificate for her child, arguing that existing guidelines favour paternal lineage. This case raises questions regarding gender equality and the interpretation of caste laws under Articles 14 and 21 of the Constitution of India.
10. The Karnataka Mis-Information and Fake News (Prohibition) Bill, 2025, aims to regulate social media content by defining and penalising fake news. This legislation introduces severe penalties, including up to seven years of imprisonment for offenders. It marks step in the intersection of digital communication and free speech.
11. The National Institute of Public Cooperation and Child Development has been renamed the Savitribai Phule National Institute of Women and Child Development. This change reflects a commitment to enhancing the development of women and children in India. The Institute aims to provide mission-driven support tailored to regional needs.
12. The forests of Assam have yielded a new tree species belonging to the genus Garcinia. Named Garcinia kusumae, the species was identified during a survey in Baksa district. It honours Kusum Devi, mother of botanist Jatindra Sarma, recognising her support in his educational journey. This marks the fourth time Sarma has named a species after a family member, a unique record for an Indian botanist.
13. India’s chemical sector is at a critical juncture in 2025. The industry faces challenges but also holds immense potential to become a global powerhouse. The sector currently accounts for 3.5% of the global chemical value chain but runs a trade deficit of USD 31 billion. With strategic reforms, India aims to expand its share to 12% by 2040 and build a USD 1 trillion chemical industry.
14. India has announced plans to impose retaliatory tariffs on selected US products following the United State’s decision to increase import duties on Indian automobiles and auto parts. The US raised tariffs by 25% on passenger vehicles, light trucks, and certain auto components from India.
15. The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) continues to shape global disarmament efforts in 2025. India remains a key player in this mission. The country actively promotes chemical safety and compliance with the Convention. Recent regional meetings and international recognitions show India’s growing influence in chemical weapons prohibition.
16. India faces a growing challenge in fertiliser security due to escalating tensions in the Middle East, particularly the Iran-Israel conflict. The crisis threatens crucial supply chains for fertilisers and raw materials, directly impacting the country’s food production and agricultural stability.
17. The Waqf Act amendments passed by the Indian Parliament in 2025 have triggered widespread protests, particularly in Bihar. The Supreme Court has reserved its judgment on petitions challenging the law. Meanwhile, socio-religious organisations and political parties are intensifying opposition, citing concerns over the impact on Muslim religious properties and community rights.
18. The Ministry of Coal is advancing its digital transformation with the launch of the Exploration Module on the Single Window Clearance System (SWCS) web portal. This module, to be inaugurated on 4th July 2025, represents step in the digitalisation of the coal exploration value chain.
19. Delhi has recently implemented a fuel ban on older vehicles to tackle rising air pollution. Diesel vehicles over 10 years old and petrol vehicles over 15 years old are now denied fuel at petrol pumps. This move is part of a larger strategy by the Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) to phase out end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) in the National Capital Region (NCR) by 2026.
20. India has inaugurated the Phenome India National Biobank at the CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), marking a major step towards personalised medicine. This facility will collect genomic, lifestyle, and clinical data from 10,000 individuals across the country. It aims to build a comprehensive health database reflecting India’s vast diversity.
21. India has witnessed a remarkable decline in income inequality between 2011-12 and 2022-23. According to the World Bank, India now ranks as the fourth-most equal country worldwide based on the Gini Index. This progress coincides with a sharp reduction in extreme poverty. The government credits various welfare schemes and reforms for this achievement.
22. The Great Nicobar Infrastructure Project (GNIP), valued at Rs. 72,000 crore, plans major development on Great Nicobar Island. These include a trans-shipment port, international airport, township, and power plant. The project faces scrutiny due to seismic risks in this highly active zone. The region is prone to earthquakes and tsunamis, a fact brought into light by the devastating 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami.
23. India achieved a landmark in animal health by securing global recognition for its first Equine Disease-Free Compartment (EDFC). On 3rd July 2025, the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) approved the facility at the Remount Veterinary Corps (RVC) Centre & College, Meerut Cantonment, Uttar Pradesh.
24. The National Medical Commission (NMC) has introduced the Medical Institutions (Qualifications of Faculty) Regulations, 2025. This move follows the Central government’s plan to add 75,000 new medical seats over five years. The regulations aim to widen faculty eligibility and support the growth of undergraduate and postgraduate medical seats across India.
25. Recent developments in rice cultivation have introduced two new short-duration varieties, ADT 59 and ADT 53, developed by the Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute (TRRI), Aduthurai. These varieties offer advantages over traditional rice strains in the Cauvery delta region.
26. India suspended visa services for Pakistani nationals following terror attacks in Pahalgam. Despite this, the government clarified that Pakistani athletes would still be allowed to participate in multi-nation sports tournaments hosted in India. This move separates sports diplomacy from political tensions and reflects adherence to international sports regulations.
27. India’s energy sector witnessed a major regulatory update in 2025. The Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board (PNGRB) approved the Second Amendment to the Natural Gas Pipeline Tariff Regulations. This reform aims to simplify tariffs, promote cleaner energy, and boost investment in natural gas infrastructure.
28. India’s Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited Brazil in July 2025 to attend the BRICS summit. This marked the first Indian PM state visit to Brazil in nearly 60 years. The visit focused on enhancing bilateral ties in trade, defence, energy, space, technology, agriculture, and health.
29. India and Argentina marked milestone in 2025 with the first bilateral visit by an Prime Minister of India in 57 years. Prime Minister Narendra Modi arrived in Buenos Aires on 4th July as part of his five-nation tour of the Global South. The visit focused on deepening ties and exploring new avenues for cooperation in trade, energy, defence, and culture.
30. The Ministry of Mines in India awarded seven-star ratings for the first time to three mines in 2025. This recognition marks a new milestone in sustainable mining practices. The awards show mines that have consistently maintained high standards in environmental and social governance.
31. Tamil Nadu has become the first state of India to use a predictive model for estimating the risk of death among adults diagnosed with Tuberculosis (TB). This model is integrated with the state’s existing TB SeWA application, which assists healthcare workers in triaging patients immediately at diagnosis.
32. The North Eastern Region (NER) District Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) Index 2023-24 was released by NITI Aayog and the Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region (MoDoNER) with UNDP support. This second edition evaluates 121 districts across eight states on sustainable development progress.
33. Meghalaya’s Sohra, also called Cherrapunji, known as the wettest place on Earth, has experienced a drastic drop in rainfall in 2025. June recorded only about one-third of last year’s rainfall. This sharp decline marks the growing impact of climate change on regional weather patterns.
34. Recent research reveals critical gaps in data and accessibility for persons with disabilities within India’s justice system. A pioneering report by Pacta, a Bengaluru-based law and policy think tank, marks systemic exclusion across police, prisons, judiciary, and legal aid. Despite progressive laws, the justice system remains largely inaccessible due to poor data and weak implementation.
35. The debate over Hindi language imposition has resurfaced in Maharashtra, prompting political unity between the Thackeray cousins on a Marathi language platform. The state government retracted its decision to make Hindi the default third language in primary schools. Tamil Nadu’s Chief Minister M. K. Stalin remarked that the BJP retreated due to fear of public uprising.
36. The Kashmir Valley experienced unprecedented high temperatures in 2025. On 5th July, Srinagar recorded 37.4°C, the highest in over 70 years. Pahalgam, a popular health resort, also noted its highest-ever temperature at 31.6°C. This follows the region’s hottest June in nearly five decades.
37. Recent developments in 2025 have brought renewed focus on the legality of phone tapping by the government in India. Two High Courts-the Madras and Delhi High Courts-delivered contrasting verdicts on whether phone interception can be authorised before a crime is committed. These rulings show the complexities of balancing state security with individual rights under Indian law.
38. The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) has issued a critical report in 2025 denoting the growing threat posed by the misuse of e-commerce and digital payment platforms for terrorist financing. This comprehensive update reveals that terror groups are increasingly exploiting online systems to fund operations and evade detection.
39. The Election Commission of India recently initiated a Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of electoral rolls in Bihar ahead of state elections. This move sparked controversy with opposition parties and activists alleging potential disenfranchisement of certain communities and new voters.
40. The Union Ministry of Coal and Mines launched new operational guidelines for the Aspirational District Mineral Foundation (DMF) Programme in 2025. These guidelines aim to align DMF initiatives with the Aspirational District Programme (ADP) and Aspirational Block Programme (ABP).
41. India’s Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited Namibia in July 2025. This was the first Prime Minister of Indiaial visit to Namibia in nearly 30 years. The visit aims to boost cooperation in technology, health, infrastructure, development, and security. It reflects the growing importance of India-Africa relations, especially with resource-rich Namibia.
42. The Uttarakhand government approved the Geothermal Energy Policy 2025 to boost exploration and development of geothermal resources. This policy aims to promote clean energy, reduce carbon emissions, and enhance energy security. It targets power generation, heating, cooling, water purification, and community development using geothermal sites across the state.
43. The 2025 PARAKH RS (Performance Assessment, Review, and Analysis of Knowledge for Holistic Development Rashtriya Sarvekshen) results have brought into light the school education performance across India. This large-scale survey assessed over 21 lakh students from Grades 3, 6, and 9 in 74,229 schools across 781 districts.
44. The Maharashtra Assembly passed the Maharashtra Special Public Security Bill, 2024, on 10th July 2025. The law targets unlawful activities of Left Wing Extremist (LWE) organisations and similar groups. It follows similar laws in Chhattisgarh, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and Odisha. The Bill aims to curb extremist threats while ensuring legal safeguards against misuse.
45. India has recently introduced its first customer-focused incentive scheme for electric trucks under the PM E-DRIVE initiative. The scheme offers financial support of up to Rs. 9.6 lakh per vehicle. It aims to accelerate the adoption of electric trucks in key sectors like ports, logistics, cement, and steel.
46. The Union Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change recently issued a notification revising the Islands Protection Zone (IPZ) rules. These changes affect infrastructure projects in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep. The update extends clearance validity and allows transfer or splitting of clearances.
47. The National Board for Wildlife’s Standing Committee recently approved the diversion of 310 hectares of forest land from Namdapha Tiger Reserve’s core area. This is for the Arunachal Frontier Highway (NH-913) construction in Arunachal Pradesh. The decision has sparked concerns about wildlife mitigation and large-scale tree felling.
48. The National Board for Wildlife’s Standing Committee has granted in-principle approval for diverting 142 hectares of forest land in Karnataka’s Sharavathi Valley Lion-Tailed Macaque Wildlife Sanctuary. This decision is controversial due to potential ecological damage and the absence of final forest clearance.
49. The Department of Telecommunications (DoT), Government of India, recently expanded the Sanchar Mitra Scheme into a nationwide movement. The scheme engages student volunteers as digital ambassadors to promote telecom awareness and digital literacy. This initiative aims to bridge the communication gap between citizens and the telecom ecosystem.
50. India’s wheat sector continues to rely heavily on advanced breeding research led by CIMMYT, the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center. Founded by Nobel laureate Norman Borlaug, CIMMYT revolutionised Indian agriculture six decades ago. Today, it faces funding challenges that could impact ongoing innovation crucial for food security and climate resilience.
51. The Supreme Court of India recently refused to restrain the Election Commission of India (ECI) from conducting the Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of electoral rolls in Bihar ahead of the 2025 Assembly elections. The court suggested that the ECI consider Aadhaar, voter ID and ration cards for updating the rolls.
52. The Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB) of India recently released a preliminary report on the Air India flight AI 171 crash in Ahmedabad. The report revealed that both engine fuel control switches changed from ‘RUN’ to ‘CUTOFF’ within seconds after take-off. This incident marks the critical role of the AAIB in probing aviation accidents and improving safety standards.
53. Recent studies reveal excessive salt intake is driving a silent health crisis in India. High salt consumption increases risks of hypertension, stroke, heart disease, and kidney disorders. Scientists at the Indian Council of Medical Research’s National Institute of Epidemiology (ICMR-NIE) have launched community-based interventions focusing on low sodium salt substitutes.
54. The Western Ghats, a global biodiversity hotspot, has yielded a new butterfly species named Zographetus mathewi. This skipper butterfly belongs to the family Hesperiidae and adds to the known diversity of the genus Zographetus. The species is endemic to the low-elevation forests of Kerala.
55. The Indian market in 2025 faces a rising challenge from counterfeit footwear closely imitating global brands. Recently, Birkenstock, a German footwear company, filed a lawsuit in Delhi High Court against traders and manufacturers in Agra and Delhi. They were accused of producing sandals that mimic Birkenstock’s registered designs. The court responded with raids and seized large quantities of fake sandals.
56. The National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE) is revising its draft regulations for teacher training institutes proposed in 2025. This move follows extensive consultations with the Ministry of Education, experts, and stakeholders. The draft aims to align teacher education with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020.
57. India recently extended the deadline for coal-fired power plants to install flue gas desulphurisation (FGD) units. This move relaxes sulphur dioxide (SO2) emission control norms. The extension has drawn criticism from independent researchers who warn of serious health and environmental risks. Despite strict norms set in 2015, most plants have not complied.
58. Recent efforts in Assam have focused on the genetic analysis of rhino horn samples collected from thousands of horns destroyed in 2021. A specialised team verified and repackaged 2,573 horn samples at Kaziranga before sending them to the Wildlife Institute of India (WII) in Dehradun.
59. The politics of Jammu and Kashmir in 2025 is tense around Martyr’s Day on 13th July. This day, once an official holiday, honours those killed in 1931 during protests against the Dogra regime. Since the abrogation of Article 370 in 2019, the holiday was scrapped. With an elected government now in power, political parties planned to visit the Martyr’s Cemetery. The BJP opposed this. To prevent visits, the police placed many leaders under house arrest.
60. The National Achievement Survey (NAS) 2025 results revealed a surprising shift in India’s educational landscape. Himachal Pradesh jumped from 21st place in 2021 to the top five. Punjab and Kerala maintained their leading positions. Himachal’s sharp rise by 16 ranks attracted widespread attention.
61. India has taken a major step in climate risk management by launching its first weather derivatives market. The National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange (NCDEX) partnered with the India Meteorological Department (IMD) to introduce these innovative financial instruments. This initiative aims to enhance resilience, improve planning, and support investment in weather-sensitive sectors.
62. The village of Yakten in Sikkim’s Pakyong district was declared India’s first digital nomad village. This initiative was launched to create a sustainable remote work hub in the Himalayas. It aims to support local homestay owners with steady income and attract digital professionals from across India and abroad.
63. India is set to achieve 70% round-the-clock (RTC) clean electricity for commercial and industrial consumers by 2030. This strategy promises lower costs than traditional annual clean energy procurement. A recent report by TransitionZero, a global climate analytics non-profit, marks the potential benefits of deploying 52 GW of RTC clean electricity capacity.
64. The Indian Health Ministry has initiated a campaign to display nutritional information about popular snacks. This move aims to raise awareness about hidden sugars, oils, and trans fats in everyday foods. The campaign targets reducing lifestyle diseases linked to unhealthy diets.
65. Recent research in the Western Ghats has led to the discovery of a new dragonfly species named Lyriothemis abrahami. This species was previously mistaken for Lyriothemis flava due to their similar appearances. The finding was made by the Travancore Nature History Society and collaborating institutions.
66. The Ministry of Environment and Forests announced change in the regulation of flue gas desulphurisation (FGD) units for thermal power plants in India in July 2025. The new policy exempts the majority of coal-fired power plants from installing FGD systems. This move is described as a scientifically justified shift towards targeted, cost-effective, and climate-coherent regulation rather than a rollback of environmental safeguards.
67. The Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) reported an unprecedented surge in faunal discoveries in 2024. Kerala emerged as the top state with the highest number of new species and records. This marks milestone in India’s biodiversity documentation efforts amid growing environmental challenges.
68. The Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) data for May and June 2025 reveals key trends in unemployment and labour force participation in India. The unemployment rate stayed constant at 5.6%. However, there was a slight decline in labour force participation, particularly among women. Seasonal factors and socio-economic changes influenced these shifts.
69. Delhi is set to conduct its first cloud seeding operation between 30th August and 10th September 2025. This initiative aims to reduce air pollution by triggering artificial rainfall. The project was postponed from July following expert advice from the India Meteorological Department (IMD) and the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune.
70. The Union Cabinet approved the Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDDKY) in 2025. This new agricultural scheme aims to develop 100 districts through the convergence of 36 schemes across 11 ministries. It has an annual budget of Rs. 24,000 crore and will run for six years starting from the financial year 2025-26.
71. The Lok Sabha Select Committee has submitted its report on the Income Tax Bill, 2025. The bill aims to replace the Income Tax Act, 1961, with effect from 1st April 2026. The committee suggested 285 changes focused mainly on simplifying the bill’s language and removing contentious clauses.
72. The discovery of a new gecko species in Assam has attracted attention in biodiversity circles. Named Cnemaspis brahmaputra, this diurnal reptile was found near the Dirgheswari Temple on the northern bank of the Brahmaputra River. Its identification provides fresh insight into the biogeography and evolutionary history of reptiles in northeast India.
73. The Kanwar Yatra is a prominent Hindu pilgrimage observed annually in North India during the month of Shravan. Recently, it took place from 11th to 23rd July. Thousands of devotees, known as kanwariyas, carry sacred water from the Ganga River to offer at Shiva temples. The event has grown due to improved government support and infrastructure.
74. Gurgaon, now known as Gurugram, faces severe flooding every monsoon despite moderate rainfall. The city receives about 600 mm of rain annually, much less than cities like Kochi, which sees over 3,000 mm without similar floods. Gurgaon’s rapid urbanisation and planning neglect have made it vulnerable to waterlogging, traffic chaos, and safety hazards during rains.
75. Gujarat has become the first state of India to start a genome sequencing project focused solely on tribal communities. This initiative aims to identify genetic health risks and promote precision healthcare for tribal populations. The project plans to sequence the genomes of 2,000 tribal individuals across 17 districts.
76. The Supreme Court of India recently ruled that secretly recorded conversations between spouses can be used as evidence in matrimonial disputes, including divorce cases. This decision overturns a 2021 Punjab and Haryana High Court ruling that had barred the use of such recordings. The apex court’s judgment reshapes the understanding of spousal privilege and privacy in Indian law.
77. The Swachh Survekshan 2024-25 results have reaffirmed Indore, Surat and Navi Mumbai as India’s cleanest cities. These cities topped the newly introduced Super Swachh League, which honours sustained excellence in urban sanitation. This year’s survey brought new innovations to promote inclusivity and competition among cities of all sizes.
78. The discovery of a new lichen species, Allographa effusosoredica, in the Western Ghats marks advancement in biodiversity research. Indian scientists used classical and molecular methods to identify this species. The finding marks the complex symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae in lichens and their ecological importance.
79. Recent studies from 2003 to 2020 reveal contrasting aerosol pollution patterns in Indian cities. Researchers at IIT Bhubaneswar identified two distinct phenomena – Urban Aerosol Pollution Islands (UAPIs) in southern and southeastern cities, and Urban Aerosol Clean Islands (UACIs) in northern and northwestern cities, particularly in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP).
80. India has recently taken steps to transform its skilling infrastructure. A National Steering Committee (NSC) was formed in July 2025 to guide this transformation. The focus is on upgrading Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) and establishing National Centres of Excellence (CoEs) to meet industry needs.
81. Uttarakhand, a Himalayan biodiversity hotspot with 69% forest cover, has initiated a pioneering programme to revive 14 critically endangered plant species. This effort, led by the Uttarakhand Forest Department’s Research Wing, aims to reintroduce rare flora to their natural habitats after four years of scientific cultivation and habitat mapping.
82. The National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) has taken step in promoting research integrity by introducing negative scores for higher education institutions with retracted papers and their citations. This new policy, effective from 2025, aims to discourage unethical research practices and enhance the quality of academic output across India.
83. The state of Chhattisgarh has revealed an ambitious plan to increase its GDP by 14 to 15 times by 2047. The focus is on expanding the service sector from 35% to 50% of the state’s economy. This transformation aims to complement the existing industrial and agricultural sectors and create a balanced and sustainable economic model.
84. The Assam government has recently introduced a subsidy scheme offering Rs. 5 per litre of milk to dairy farmers. This initiative aims to increase milk production and improve farmer’s incomes. Alongside the subsidy, Assam is expanding its largest dairy processing plant in Guwahati to strengthen the dairy supply chain and promote rural economic growth.
85. India’s Agriculture Ministry recently took strong steps to regulate biostimulants amid rising farmer complaints. Union Agriculture Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan directed states to stop forcing farmers to buy biostimulants with subsidised fertilisers. Concerns about their effectiveness and unchecked sales prompted these actions.
86. The Supreme Court of India is set to hear a presidential reference under Article 143 on 22nd July 2025. This follows its 8th April verdict that fixed a three-month deadline for the President to act on Bills reserved by Governors. The reference was made by President Droupadi Murmu seeking the Court’s advisory opinion on timelines for assent to state Bills.
87. The Supreme Court of India recently established comprehensive guidelines to standardise the management of DNA evidence in criminal cases. This move follows the acquittal of a death row convict in Tamil Nadu due to unreliable DNA evidence caused by procedural lapses. The court emphasised the need for uniformity and scientific rigour in collecting, preserving, and processing DNA samples to ensure justice is served accurately.
88. The Delhi government faces ongoing challenges in rehabilitating slum dwellers despite policy efforts. A recent government-industry task force report has recommended revitalising Delhi’s slum rehabilitation through Public Private Partnerships (PPP). This move aims to unlock the real estate potential of slum lands in central Delhi.
89. India’s Parliament conducts three main sessions annually. These are the Budget, Monsoon, and Winter sessions. Each session plays a vital role in legislation, budget approval, and government accountability. These sessions ensure regular parliamentary functioning and democratic governance.
90. India’s consumer price index (CPI) inflation in June 2025 fell to 2.1% year-on-year. This rate is lower than the United State’s 2.7% and the United Kingdom’s 3.6%. Food inflation in India even turned negative at -1.1%, contrasting with rises of 3% in the US and 4.5% in the UK.
91. The Indian Parliament recently passed The Bills of Lading Bill, 2025. This law replaces the old Indian Bill of Lading Act of 1856. It modernises and simplifies rules around shipping documents. The bill was approved in the Rajya Sabha by voice vote after the Opposition walked out. The legislation aims to make shipping processes more efficient and legally clear.
92. The Tamil Nadu government has initiated India’s first Centre of Excellence for Hornbill Conservation at the Anamalai Tiger Reserve (ATR) in Coimbatore district. This pioneering effort aims to protect hornbills, vital seed dispersers in tropical forests, threatened by habitat loss and climate change.
93. The resignation of Jagdeep Dhankhar as Vice-President in 2025 has renewed public interest in the election process of this constitutional office. The Vice-President is elected through an indirect election by an Electoral College consisting solely of members of both Houses of Parliament.
94. The rubber plantations of Kerala face a serious threat from a beetle-fungus alliance. Researchers at the Kerala Forest Research Institute have identified the ambrosia beetle, Euplatypus parallelus, as the key pest. This beetle carries two fungal species, Fusarium ambrosia and Fusarium solani, which damage rubber trees.
95. The Skill India Assistant (SIA) is an AI-powered chatbot designed to enhance access to skilling and employment services across India. Developed by META and the National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC), SIA uses advanced conversational AI to provide personalised support through WhatsApp.
96. The National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) of India, launched in 2019, aims to reduce particulate matter pollution in 130 cities. Recent data from 2024-25 reveals that only a fraction of these cities have met the pollution reduction targets. This update marks the progress and challenges faced by the programme as the 2026 deadline approaches.
97. Recent studies show the increasing frequency of earthquakes caused by human activities. These quakes, known as human-induced earthquakes, arise from actions that alter the stress and strain on the Earth’s crust. India, among other countries, is witnessing such seismic events linked to groundwater extraction, dam construction, and energy production methods.
98. The Department of Administrative Reforms & Public Grievances (DARPG) released the 26th edition of the NeSDA Way Forward report in June 2025. It details the status of e-service delivery across India’s States and Union Territories (UTs). This report marks progress in digital governance and citizen service accessibility.
99. Recent reports show critical safety lapses among sewer and septic tank workers in India. Over 90% of workers who died during hazardous cleaning lacked proper safety gear. A government-commissioned social audit has revealed alarming gaps in safety protocols, training and worker consent. This has prompted the launch of targeted schemes to improve conditions.
100. The Income Tax Bill 2025 has recently sparked debate over privacy concerns linked to its digital search and seizure provisions. The Bill grants tax authorities powers to override digital security measures and access social media and encrypted communications.
101. Jharkhand has recently launched India’s first mining tourism project. The state government signed a five-year MoU with Central Coalfields Limited (CCL) to develop and promote mining tourism. The initiative aims to showcase Jharkhand’s rich mineral heritage while boosting tourism and local employment.
102. The Parliamentary Standing Committee on Rural Development and Panchayat Raj has sharply criticised the Union government’s decision to disengage the National Institute of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj (NIRDPR). The move affects the Hyderabad-based institute that has served rural development for over seventy years.
103. The Gorbea Solar Power Project in Rajasthan was inaugurated in July 2025 by Union Minister Pralhad Joshi. This 435 MW plant was built in under eight months. It represents a major milestone in India’s renewable energy expansion. The project will supply clean power to 1,28,000 households and cut carbon emissions by 7,05,000 tonnes annually.
104. Lantana camara, an invasive alien species, has increasingly infested forests in Himachal Pradesh. Covering over 3,25,000 hectares, it poses a serious threat to the State’s native biodiversity. Despite efforts by the Forest Department to clear large areas, ecologists urge faster and more integrated action to control this noxious weed.
105. Researchers from the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay) and the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune (IITM Pune) developed a Smart Irrigation Plan. This plan integrates weather forecasts, satellite soil moisture data, and computer simulations to optimise irrigation. It aims to reduce water use by 10 to 30% while supporting crop growth.
106. The Paika Rebellion of 1817 is yet often overlooked episode in India’s struggle against British colonial rule. Recently, the exclusion of this rebellion from the first volume of the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) Class VIII history textbook sparked controversy in Odisha.
107. The National Cooperative Policy 2025 was revealed to modernise and revitalise India’s cooperative sector. It replaces the 2002 policy and aims to build a vibrant, inclusive, and future-ready cooperative ecosystem. The policy targets tripling the sector’s GDP contribution by 2034 and expanding cooperative membership and societies.
108. India’s draft National Telecom Policy (NTP) 2025 outlines ambitious goals to transform the telecommunications sector by 2030. The government aims to double investment to Rs. 1 trillion annually and boost exports of telecom products and services twofold.
109. The Ministry of Education is drafting a bill to establish the Higher Education Commission of India (HECI). This new body will unify the regulation of higher education in India. The Lok Sabha was informed recently about this development. The proposal aligns with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 vision for a reformed regulatory framework.
110. The Bombay High Court in 2025 overturned the convictions of 12 men accused in the 2006 Mumbai train blasts. This landmark ruling contradicted the 2015 verdict of the special Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act (MCOCA) court. The High Court’s decision was based on a detailed review of nearly 44,000 pages of evidence.
111. The rare caracal has been captured on camera inside the Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh. This is the first confirmed sighting in the state in nearly 20 years. The discovery is linked to ongoing conservation efforts under Project Cheetah.
112. Maharashtra has implemented a 10% reservation for the Economically Weaker Section (EWS) in private medical colleges starting from the academic year 2025-26. This decision was announced through the Maharashtra Common Entrance Test (CET) Cell’s information brochure. The quota applies to candidates from the general category with an annual family income below Rs. 8 lakh.
113. The removal of former Delhi High Court judge Yashwant Varma has brought the judicial impeachment process into focus. The Lok Sabha is expected to initiate the impeachment process soon. The Speaker of the Lok Sabha, in consultation with the Rajya Sabha Chairman and the Chief Justice of India, will form a statutory committee to investigate the charges.
114. The Kerala High Court recently issued a pioneering policy titled ‘Policy Regarding the Use of AI Tools in District Judiciary’. This is the first instance of any Indian High Court framing guidelines for artificial intelligence (AI) use in judicial work. The policy aims to promote responsible and limited use of AI, primarily restricting it to administrative tasks.
115. India’s retail food inflation dropped to -1.06% in June 2025, the lowest since 2019. However, some essential items like vegetable oils remain costly. Coconut oil prices have surged dramatically, driven by global supply constraints and climatic factors. This article explores the causes, impacts, and market dynamics of this price rise.
116. The Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) has introduced a landmark directive requiring all public and private organisations managing digital systems to undergo comprehensive third-party cybersecurity audits annually. This is the first time such a mandate applies to the private sector.
117. Scientists from Mizoram University and Manipur University announced the discovery of a new orchid species, Chamaegastrodia reiekensis, in the forests of Mizoram. This rare orchid belongs to the elusive genus Chamaegastrodia and is notable for its complete lack of chlorophyll.
118. The National Medical Commission (NMC) issued comprehensive guidelines to regulate the conduct and broadcast of live surgeries. These rules aim to protect patient safety, maintain ethical standards, and ensure educational value without commercial exploitation.
119. Gujarat witnessed a unique electoral phenomenon. Out of 4,564 Gram Panchayats scheduled for elections, 761 villages bypassed voting. These villages, termed ‘Samras Panchayats’, chose leaders by consensus. This approach, encouraged by the Gujarat government, rewards villages with grants ranging from Rs. 3 lakh to Rs. 13 lakh.
120. Recent research has led to the discovery of two new bush frog species in Meghalaya’s Khasi Hills. Named Raorchestes jadoh and Raorchestes jakoid, these species pay tribute to the Khasi culture. Their discovery marks the rich biodiversity of the region and the close relationship between local communities and nature.
121. Recent efforts in Kaziranga National Park have focused on a comprehensive bird census to assess the status of grassland bird species. This initiative is crucial as grassland birds serve as indicators of ecosystem health. The survey combined advanced acoustic monitoring with traditional conservation methods to overcome challenges posed by the elusive nature of these birds.
122. Recent research has revealed Kerala hosts 20,000 to 30,000 Golden Jackals (Canis aureus naria). This extensive citizen science study combined public participation and scientific methods. It marks the specie’s wide presence beyond forests, adapting well to human environments. The findings urge new conservation strategies across diverse landscapes.
123. Meghalaya, known as the ‘Abode of Clouds’, is famous for its heavy rainfall. However, the 2025 Southwest Monsoon season recorded a severe rainfall deficit of 56%, the highest in India. This unusual dryness affects a state where 83% of people rely on rain-fed farming and nearly half the land is cultivable.
124. The Sundarbans Tiger Reserve (STR) is set to become India’s second-largest tiger sanctuary. A proposal to expand the reserve by 1,100 sq km has reached the Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC). This expansion will increase the reserve’s area from 2,585.89 sq km to 3,629.57 sq km.
125. Kaziranga Tiger Reserve (KTR) in Assam has emerged as the tiger reserve with the third-highest tiger density in India. This was revealed in a 2024 report released on Global Tiger Day. Known primarily for its one-horned rhinoceros, Kaziranga now also stands out as a critical tiger habitat.
126. India’s resolution on promoting sustainable lifestyles for wetlands was adopted at the 15th Ramsar Conference of Parties (CoP15) held at Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe. The resolution received strong support from 172 contracting parties and international organisations. It marks the crucial role of individual and societal choices in conserving wetlands and encouraging a pro-planet lifestyle globally.
127. The Government of India continues to strengthen legal measures to combat fake news and misinformation across print, television, and digital media. These efforts aim to protect public order, sovereignty, and the integrity of information.
128. The Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) researchers in Kolkata have recently identified a new spider species on Sagar Island in the Sundarbans. This discovery marks the first record of the genus Piratula in India. The species, named Piratula acuminata, belongs to the family Lycosidae, commonly known as wolf spiders.
Monthly Current Affairs July 2025
International
1. China’s recent export restrictions have created disruptions in the global fertiliser market. This situation particularly affects di-ammonium phosphate (DAP), a vital fertiliser for crop development. The restrictions are aimed at prioritising domestic agricultural needs and supporting the growing demand for phosphates in electric vehicle battery production.
2. Canada announced the withdrawal of its Digital Services Tax (DST) just before its implementation. This decision came after pressure from the United States, particularly from President Donald Trump. The DST was designed to impose a 3% levy on revenues generated by foreign digital companies from Canadian users.
3. The fourth International Conference on Financing for Development recently commenced in Seville, Spain. This event marks the growing debt crisis faced by developing nations. Since 2010, sovereign debt in these countries has surged , now accounting for 30% of the global total. This situation stems from a combination of historical financial practices and current economic pressures.
4. Recent advancements in genetic research have led to the sequencing of the oldest known DNA from ancient Egypt. This genome belonged to an individual who lived approximately 4,500 to 4,800 years ago during Egypt’s Old Kingdom. The findings were published in July 2025, denoting the importance of genetic studies in understanding ancient populations.
5. Russia made a historic move in July 2025 by formally recognising the Taliban government in Afghanistan. This decision followed the removal of the Taliban from Russia’s list of outlawed organisations. It marks the first official recognition of the Taliban regime since it took power in 2021. The development signals a new phase in international relations with Afghanistan and has geopolitical implications.
6. South America experienced an extraordinary cold wave. Chile and Argentina recorded some of the coldest temperatures outside polar regions. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) attributed this to a polar-origin anticyclone. This event sharply contrasts with extreme heat in the northern hemisphere. It marks climate change’s growing unpredictability and risks.
7. The cultural bond between India and Trinidad and Tobago gained renewed attention. Prime Minister Narendra Modi brought into light Lord Ram as a divine link beyond oceans during a community event. This emphasised the deep-rooted connection of the Indian diaspora in the Caribbean with their ancestral traditions, especially the Ramleela festival.
8. The recent recall of Chinese engineers from Foxconn’s iPhone factories in India marks tensions in global manufacturing shifts. Apple’s move to boost production in India aligns with the government’s ‘Make in India’ initiative. Meanwhile, China’s ‘Made in China 2025’ policy, launched in 2015, quietly continues to shape global industry despite its low profile.
9. The River Seine in Paris, once infamous for pollution, has recently been declared safe for public swimming. This marks the first time since 1923 that Parisians can swim in the river. The transformation followed a billion-dollar clean-up effort linked to the 2024 Paris Olympics. The river’s revival marks advances in urban water management and infrastructure.
10. Europe is enduring an unprecedented heatwave since late June 2025. Record temperatures have been recorded across the continent. Spain’s Huelva region hit 46°C, France reached 40°C, and Italy warned 20 cities of extreme heat. Central European nations issued top-level red alerts.
11. The Texas Hill Country experienced devastating flash floods starting on 4th July 2025. At least 81 people lost their lives. Over 40 remain missing, including children. The floods followed heavy rainfall that caused the Guadalupe River to rise dramatically within hours. This event is among the deadliest floods in the United States in the last century.
12. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has launched a pilot nomination-based golden visa programme for residents of India and Bangladesh. This new policy offers lifetime residency in the UAE on payment of a fee of AED 1,00,000 (around Rs. 23.3 lakh). Unlike the previous golden visa scheme, it does not require investment in property or business.
13. Recent studies reveal alarming impacts of climate change on global agriculture. Rising temperatures are expected to reduce yields of major staple crops drastically by 2100. Despite farmers adapting their practices, these changes will not fully offset losses. Northern India’s wheat-growing regions face some of the worst declines worldwide.
14. Recent developments have seen Google’s AI-powered summaries, known as AI Overviews, come under formal antitrust scrutiny in the European Union. A coalition of independent publishers has lodged a complaint with the European Commission. They claim Google is abusing its dominant position by using AI Overviews to divert traffic and revenue away from original content creators.
15. Recent studies reveal that melting glaciers and ice caps may lead to more frequent and explosive volcanic eruptions. The greatest threat lies in West Antarctica, where around 100 volcanoes remain buried beneath thick ice. As global temperatures rise, this ice is expected to vanish over coming decades and centuries. This phenomenon was brought into light at the 2025 Goldschmidt Conference in Prague, the premier international event on geochemistry.
16. The United States has intensified its tariff campaign, threatening punitive duties on over a dozen countries from August 2025. This move follows a delayed deadline for trade negotiations under the so-called “reciprocal” tariff policy. The ongoing trade tensions have unsettled global markets and complicated international relations.
17. The world is on the verge of redefining the second, the fundamental unit of time, using cutting-edge optical atomic clocks. These devices surpass the current caesium atomic clocks in precision and stability. A recent global collaboration involving 10 optical clocks across three continents has successfully demonstrated unprecedented agreement in time measurement.
18. The Climate Policy Initiative (CPI) released its Global Landscape of Climate Finance 2025 report. It reveals that climate finance reached a record $1.9 trillion in 2023. This marks a 15% rise from the previous year. Despite this growth, gaps and risks threaten climate progress. The report analyses trends from 2018 to 2023 and projects future financing needs to meet climate goals.
19. Recent studies show the urgent need for an immediate ban on problematic single-use plastics. Research commissioned by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and conducted by Earth Action (EA) suggests that banning items like straws, cotton buds and packaging made from polystyrene could save the global economy trillions of dollars by 2040.
20. Mount Rainier in Washington state experienced its largest earthquake swarm since 2009 in early July 2025. Hundreds of small tremors were recorded near the summit. Experts link the quakes to hydrothermal fluids moving beneath the volcano. Despite the activity, the volcano remains at its lowest alert level with no eruption threat.
21. On 8th July 2025, EU finance ministers approved Bulgaria’s adoption of the euro from 1st January 2026. This will make Bulgaria the 21st country to join the eurozone. The fixed exchange rate is set at 1.95583 lev per euro. Bulgaria’s entry marks a major milestone nearly two decades after joining the European Union.
22. The NATO summit of June 2025 marked shift in global defence policy. Member countries agreed to raise military spending to 5% of GDP by 2035. This is more than double the previous 2% target. The decision reflects rising global tensions and conflicts, including new wars in South Asia and the Middle East.
23. Africa is undergoing its most severe climate crisis in over a decade. Between 2021 and 2025, weather, climate and water-related disasters affected more people and caused more deaths than in any previous five-year period. The continent faced droughts, floods, cyclones, heatwaves and landslides. These events have exposed deep vulnerabilities in disaster preparedness and climate adaptation.
24. India recently abstained from voting on the United Nations General Assembly draft resolution on Afghanistan. The resolution, introduced by Germany, addressed the ongoing situation in Afghanistan after the Taliban takeover in 2021. India’s decision reflects its nuanced stance on post-conflict engagement and regional security concerns.
25. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) released its 7th Frontiers report, The Weight of Time, in July 2025. It warns of growing threats from extreme heat and toxic pollution to the world’s ageing population. The report marks how climate change and environmental hazards increasingly endanger older adults, especially in urban and low- to middle-income regions.
26. OPEC has lowered its global oil demand forecasts for the next four years due to slower economic growth in China. Despite this, the organisation raised its long-term outlook, anticipating rising oil consumption in developing regions. OPEC emphasises that global oil use has not yet peaked. The group continues to increase production to regain market share after years of output cuts designed to support prices.
27. Europe is intensifying efforts to remove barriers from rivers. The goal is to make 25,000 kilometres of rivers barrier-free by 2030. In 2024, 23 countries demolished 542 barriers. This is the highest number since the drive began in 2020. The push aims to restore natural river ecosystems and improve aquatic life.
28. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are flat molecules made of carbon and hydrogen. They are abundant in space and may have played a key role in the origin of life on Earth. Recent research has solved a long-standing puzzle about how certain PAHs survive harsh space conditions, particularly in the Taurus Molecular Cloud 1 (TMC1), a region 430 light-years away.
29. The Mediterranean Sea is experiencing an unprecedented marine heatwave in 2025. Temperatures are up to eight degrees Celsius above normal for this time of year. Scientists describe this as a one-in-a-billion event driven by human-induced climate change. This extreme warming threatens marine ecosystems and may cause severe weather in Europe in the coming months.
30. The BRICS nations have recently condemned the European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). This move came during their 2025 summit in Rio de Janeiro. The group criticised CBAM as a protectionist trade barrier that undermines the transition of developing countries to cleaner economies.
31. Recent developments show the World Health Organization’s (WHO) recognition of India’s pioneering role in applying Artificial Intelligence (AI) to traditional medicine. WHO released its first technical brief on this subject, following India’s proposal. The document outlines a global roadmap for AI use in traditional medicine, emphasising India’s Ayush systems.
32. India and the United Kingdom signed a landmark trade agreement in 2025, deepening their bilateral economic ties amid global geopolitical tensions. The Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) promises tariff reductions and expanded market access. This deal, finalised after over three years of negotiations, aims to double trade between the two nations by 2030.
33. The World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF have updated their country progress tracker for water, sanitation, hygiene (WASH), and waste management in health-care facilities. The tracker now covers 107 countries, up from 75 two years ago. It supports monitoring against the 2023 United Nations General Assembly Resolution on WASH, waste, and electricity in health-care settings.
34. Talisman Sabre 2025 is the largest and most complex warfighting exercise held in Australia. It began on 13th July 2025 and involves 35,000 military personnel from 19 nations. The event is led by Australia and includes India among other key partners. For the first time, parts of the exercise are conducted outside Australia, in Papua New Guinea.
35. The World Health Organization (WHO) has introduced its first comprehensive guidelines for the clinical management of arboviral diseases. These include dengue, chikungunya, Zika, and yellow fever. The guidelines aim to standardise treatment and improve patient outcomes globally.
36. Freshwater fish in Africa are facing a severe extinction threat. A 2025 report by the World Wildlife Foundation (WWF) reveals that 26% of assessed species are endangered. Overfishing, habitat loss, pollution, climate change and invasive species are the main causes.
37. Climate change poses a serious risk to the natural pollination of wild vanilla species. Recent research indicates that up to 90% of pollination connections between wild vanilla plants and their insect pollinators could disappear by 2050. This disruption threatens vanilla production and the loss of vital genetic traits needed for crop resilience.
38. Recent discourse challenges the common view of deserts as barren wastelands needing transformation. Deserts cover nearly one-third of the Earth’s land and host unique ecosystems and cultures. Recognising their ecological and cultural importance is vital for sustainable land management.
39. Recent locust swarms have caused severe agricultural damage across East Africa, Pakistan, and India. The 2019-2020 outbreak was the worst in 25 years. Traditional pesticide use harms the environment and food security. New research offers a pollution-free method to control locust swarming by targeting their pheromones.
40. Denmark has introduced a pioneering legal proposal to combat the growing problem of deepfake content online. The new Bill aims to extend copyright-like protections to individual’s facial features, voice, and appearance. This step seeks to make it illegal to share deepfake content without the consent of the person impersonated.
41. Recent events have brought into light the difficulties in managing AI chatbot outputs. Elon Musk’s company xAI issued an apology after its chatbot Grok posted antisemitic and abusive content on the social media platform X. Despite efforts to fix the issue, Grok’s behaviour remains unpredictable, raising broader concerns about the control and alignment of large language models (LLMs) with human values.
42. The United Nations has reported an unprecedented surge in displacement in the West Bank in 2025. This marks the highest levels since Israel’s occupation began nearly six decades ago. The spike follows an Israeli military operation launched in January, causing widespread forced movement of Palestinian residents.
43. Recent data from WHO and UNICEF reveals a worrying rise in the number of infants missing routine vaccinations worldwide. In 2024, over 14 million children did not receive any vaccines, an increase from 12.9 million in 2019. This figure is 4 million higher than the target set by the Immunization Agenda 2030.
44. Recent research reveals that bird endemism in Antarctica and the southern hemisphere is much higher than previously thought. These regions host unique bird species found nowhere else on Earth. This discovery emphasises the urgent need for focused conservation efforts due to their vulnerability to climate change and habitat disturbances.
45. The World Health Organization (WHO) has updated its HIV prevention guidelines in 2025. It now recommends lenacapavir, a new long-acting antiretroviral, for people at high risk and areas with high HIV infection rates. This announcement was made at the 13th International AIDS Society Conference in Kigali, Rwanda.
46. Israel marked a major milestone in 2025 by launching Dror-1, its first fully government-funded and domestically built communications satellite. The launch took place from Cape Canaveral, Florida, using a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket. Dror-1 represents a strategic leap in Israel’s space capabilities and communication infrastructure.
47. Recent advancements in brain control technology have led Chinese researchers to develop the world’s lightest device capable of directing a bee’s movement. The device weighs only 74 milligrams, lighter than the nectar a bee carries. It is fixed on the bee’s back and connects directly to its brain through fine needles.
48. The General-Purpose AI (GPAI) Code of Practice was published on 10th July 2025. It aims to help AI industry players comply with the European Union’s AI Act. This voluntary framework addresses safety, transparency, and copyright obligations for providers of general-purpose AI models.
49. The 2025 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) Report reveals a worrying slowdown or reversal in progress across 35% of targets. With only five years remaining to meet the 2030 Agenda, critical goals such as Zero Hunger, Quality Education, and Clean Water are most affected.
50. Recent data from the 2025 OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook marks a major shift in global cereal consumption. By 2034, only 40% of cereals will be used directly for human food. Meanwhile, biofuel and industrial uses will rise sharply to 27%. Animal feed will account for 33% of cereal use. This change reflects growing demand for bioenergy and increased competition among food, feed and fuel sectors.
51. The UK government has announced a major reform to its electoral system. The voting age will be lowered from 18 to 16 for the next general election, expected in 2029. This change brings UK-wide elections in line with Scotland and Wales, which already allow 16- and 17-year-olds to vote.
52. US President Donald Trump was diagnosed with chronic venous insufficiency (CVI), a common vascular condition causing swelling in the legs. The diagnosis followed medical evaluations after visible ankle swelling and bruising on his hand raised public concern. His physician confirmed the condition is manageable and ruled out more serious illnesses.
53. China’s economy expanded by 5.2% in the second quarter of 2025. This growth surpassed global analyst’s expectations despite ongoing trade tensions and tariffs imposed by the United States. The steady economic performance marks China’s resilience amid structural challenges and shifting global trade patterns.
54. The US Department of State designated The Resistance Front (TRF) as a Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO) and Specially Designated Global Terrorist (SDGT) in July 2025. This move marks step in international counter-terrorism cooperation, particularly between India and the US. TRF claimed responsibility for the April 2025 Pahalgam attack in South Kashmir, which killed 26 people.
55. Senegal was officially declared free of trachoma by the World Health Organization (WHO) in July 2025. This achievement marks a major victory in public health and disease elimination. Senegal is now the 25th country globally and the 9th in Africa to eliminate trachoma as a public health issue.
56. Africa’s wetlands are rapidly degrading despite their vital role for millions. The 2025 Global Wetland Outlook (GWO) report reveals urbanisation and industrial growth as primary causes. Wetlands provide food, water, and protection from natural disasters and climate impacts.
57. Measles cases have surged worldwide in 2024 and early 2025. The Global Virus Network (GVN), a coalition of virologists from over 40 countries, has brought into light this alarming trend. The rise is mainly due to declining vaccination coverage. The United States recorded its highest number of measles cases in 30 years.
58. Recent studies reveal a rapid spread of alien plant species across tropical ecosystems. This invasion is altering native flora and destabilising rich biodiversity. Climate change and human actions accelerate this trend. The Greater Tropics, home to most of Earth’s biodiversity and a billion people, face serious ecological and economic risks.
59. The year 2025 has seen athletes worldwide struggle against rising temperatures. From football pitches to tennis courts, extreme heat is disrupting play and endangering health. Spectators have fainted, players have vomited, and matches have been paused. This growing problem marks climate change’s direct impact on sports.
60. Recent studies reveal that climate change is severely affecting education worldwide. Extreme heat and natural disasters cause school closures and learning loss. Children in vulnerable regions face setbacks in schooling. This threatens to reverse decades of educational progress.
61. The discovery of a new escape movement in newborn yellow anacondas has expanded our understanding of limbless locomotion. Known as the ‘S-start’, this motion is a rapid, non-planar movement used by the snakes to flee threats. An international team of researchers including experts from the USA and India documented and modelled this unique behaviour.
62. China has initiated construction of the world’s largest hydropower dam on the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. The project, costing over $170 billion, is set to become China’s most ambitious hydropower venture since the Three Gorges Dam. It aims to generate 300 billion kilowatt-hours annually, matching the electricity consumption of the United Kingdom in 2024.
63. Australia launched a pioneering migration visa for Tuvalu residents. This visa offers a legal pathway for climate-induced migration. Over 5,000 Tuvaluans applied within a month. The scheme allows 280 people annually to relocate to Australia through a ballot. This initiative addresses the severe impacts of climate change on Tuvalu’s population.
64. The European Union introduced its 18th package of sanctions against Russia. These measures aim to further reduce Moscow’s oil revenues and restrict its financial operations amid the ongoing conflict in Ukraine. The sanctions focus heavily on the energy sector, shipping, and financial institutions.
65. The Arctic, particularly the Svalbard archipelago, is undergoing a dramatic transformation in its winter climate. Recently, temperatures in Ny-Alesund soared well above historical averages. This persistent warmth caused widespread snow and ice melt during what is normally the coldest period of the year. Such changes show the rapid and ongoing impact of human-induced climate change on Arctic winters.
66. The Kamchatka Peninsula in Russia experienced a series of powerful earthquakes. The strongest measured magnitude 7.4. These quakes occurred near the eastern coast, a region known for intense seismic activity due to tectonic plate interactions. Authorities issued tsunami warnings which were later cancelled as no waves were detected.
67. The United Nations released a policy brief denoting the serious health consequences of land degradation and drought. It links these environmental crises to a wide range of diseases and mental health issues. The brief calls for integrated policies and innovative financial support to address these challenges globally.
68. The 2025 IUCN World Conservation Congress in Abu Dhabi is set to decide on the use of genetic technology in conservation. The issue has split scientists, environmentalists and Indigenous groups worldwide. The core question is whether to ban synthetic biology research aimed at saving endangered species. This debate marks the clash between innovation and caution in protecting nature.
69. The launch of Comet, an AI-first web browser by Perplexity, marks shift in internet usage in 2025. Designed to delegate web tasks to AI agents, Comet promises a new browsing experience where users interact less with websites and more with intelligent assistants that act on their behalf.
70. The United States has once again announced its withdrawal from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). This decision marks shift away from multilateral engagement under the current administration. The move reflects longstanding US concerns over UNESCO’s policies and perceived geopolitical biases, particularly regarding China and Palestine.
71. The International Court of Justice (ICJ) issued a landmark advisory opinion in July 2025 declaring that government actions causing climate change are illegal. This ruling urges states to be held legally accountable for their greenhouse gas emissions. Although advisory and non-binding, the opinion carries moral and legal weight.
72. Recent research reveals that Afro-descendant communities in Latin America manage lands with lower deforestation rates than national averages. Their ancestral knowledge and sustainable practices protect biodiversity and store vast amounts of carbon. This marks the urgent need for legal recognition of their territories and inclusion in global environmental policies.
73. Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have marked a historic milestone. Recently, AI models developed by OpenAI and Google DeepMind achieved gold medal-level scores at the International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO). This prestigious contest challenges high school students worldwide with complex math problems.
74. The Russian rouble has surged by 45% against the US dollar since early 2025. This makes it one of the best performing currencies worldwide this year. The rise is mainly due to Russia’s tight monetary policy and optimism following US-Russia peace talks in February.
75. Brazil is preparing to formally join South Africa’s case at the International Court of Justice (ICJ) accusing Israel of genocide in Gaza. The case, filed in 2023, alleges that Israel’s military actions extend beyond targeting Hamas militants and involve attacks on civilians and civilian infrastructure.
76. Recent research has led to the discovery and formal description of two new wart sea slug species in the waters off North Sulawesi, Indonesia. These species, named Phyllidia ovata and Phyllidia fontjei, enrich the known marine biodiversity of the Indo-Pacific region.
77. The Thailand-Cambodia border conflict intensified in July 2025, with military strikes and deadly clashes resulting in civilian casualties and diplomatic strain. Both nations accuse each other of sovereignty violations amid ongoing disputes over territory and historic temples.
78. The year 2023 witnessed marine heat waves (MHWs) of unprecedented scale and intensity. Covering 96% of the global ocean surface, these events lasted four times longer than historical averages. Scientists warn that such extreme ocean warming may indicate a climate tipping point. This could lead to irreversible damage to marine ecosystems and threaten global marine industries.
79. Renewable energy sources have become the most cost-effective option for new power generation worldwide. In 2024, renewable capacity additions surged by nearly 20% from the previous year. This growth helped cut fossil fuel costs by $467 billion and avoided $57 billion in fossil fuel use.
80. Recent studies reveal that over 90% of mycorrhizal fungi hotspots lie outside protected areas. These fungi are crucial for nutrient cycling, carbon sequestration and plant health. Despite their importance, they have been largely ignored in climate and conservation policies.
81. France has announced it will officially recognise the State of Palestine in September 2025. This decision marks the first time a G7 nation will grant formal recognition. The announcement is expected to be made during the UN General Assembly session in New York.
82. The global tobacco epidemic continues to pose a severe health threat in 2025. Despite decades of awareness, tobacco use claims millions of lives annually. Women face unique health challenges linked to tobacco. New nicotine products complicate control efforts. Effective policies remain crucial to curb tobacco-related deaths worldwide.
83. Recent marine explorations near Kumejima Island have revealed a strikingly unique sea creature. Named Clavelina ossipandae, this tiny sea squirt resembles a panda due to its unusual black-and-white pattern. The discovery marks advances in marine biology and the growing role of citizen scientists.
84. The 15th Meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties to the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands (COP15) took place from 23rd to 31st July 2025 in Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe. Over 3,000 delegates from 172 countries gathered to address the accelerating loss of wetlands worldwide.
85. The Gaza Strip faces a severe food crisis in 2025. The United Nations World Food Programme (WFP) reports that a third of Gaza’s population is going days without eating. Despite the worsening situation, famine has not yet been officially declared. Israel has agreed to pause military operations for 10 hours daily in some areas to allow humanitarian aid.
86. Syria is preparing to hold parliamentary elections from 15th to 20th September 2025. These will be the first elections since the fall of former President Bashar al-Assad in a swift rebel offensive in December 2024. The political landscape remains fragile with ongoing sectarian violence and foreign interventions complicating the transition.
87. The Himalayan region witnessed severe Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) in 2025, causing widespread damage to infrastructure and power supply, especially in Nepal and India. Rising temperatures and melting glaciers have increased the frequency and intensity of GLOFs, posing a grave threat to life, property and ecosystems.
88. Recent research has transformed our understanding of human evolution. Modern humans, Homo sapiens, lived alongside several ancient human species between 3,00,000 and 40,000 years ago. These species were not just neighbours but interacted and interbred with our ancestors. Their genetic legacy continues to influence modern populations.
89. The Amur tiger, also known as the Siberian tiger, remains a symbol of power and spirituality in the Russian Far East. On International Tiger Day 2025, attention has returned to the deep bond between this majestic animal and the indigenous peoples of the Siberian taiga.
90. The 2025 edition of the State of Food and Nutrition in the World (SOFI) report reveals that hunger affected 720 million people worldwide in 2024. This represents about 8.2% of the global population. Although this is a slight improvement from previous years, the overall progress remains uneven across regions. The report marks persistent food insecurity, especially in Africa and parts of Asia.
91. Gas flaring emissions reached critical levels in 2024. The World Bank’s latest report revealed that 389 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO2e) were emitted globally from gas flaring. This marked an increase of 9 MtCO2e compared to 2023. Unburnt methane contributed 46 MtCO2e to this total.
92. The 2025 United Nations Climate Change Conference, COP30, is set to take place in Belem, Brazil. However, concerns have emerged over soaring accommodation costs. These may hinder participation, especially from developing countries. The issue has prompted urgent discussions among UN climate officials and diplomats.
93. Flooding remains a critical global hazard in 2025, affecting billions annually. A recent study using satellite data reveals that informal settlements, especially in low- and middle-income countries, face disproportionate flood risks. India leads with the highest number of slum dwellers in flood-prone areas, emphasising urgent challenges in urban planning and disaster management.
94. Recent studies reveal that human actions are the main cause of increasing heat waves across Africa. The rise in greenhouse gas emissions, deforestation, and urbanisation have intensified these extreme heat events. These changes threaten water supplies, agriculture, health, and economies.
Monthly Current Affairs July 2025
Defence
1. The coast guards of the QUAD nations-India, Japan, the United States, and Australia-initiated the QUAD at Sea Ship Observer Mission. This mission aims to enhance maritime cooperation in the Indo-Pacific region. It is step towards strengthening operational ties and encouraging a rules-based maritime order.
2. Recent incidents show the rising threat of GPS interference. A Delhi-Jammu flight had to turn back due to navigation issues. Similarly, two tankers collided near the Strait of Hormuz. A container ship ran aground off Jeddah. All these incidents stemmed from GPS interference, which has become challenge for maritime and aerial navigation.
3. On 1st July 2025, the Indian Navy received INS Udaygiri, the second ship of Project 17A stealth frigates. This delivery signifies a major advancement in India’s naval capabilities. Udaygiri is built at Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited, Mumbai, and is part of a series of seven ships designed for modern naval warfare.
4. The Indian Air Force (IAF) recently witnessed the crash of a SEPECAT Jaguar jet in Rajasthan’s Churu district. Both pilots aboard were killed. This incident marks the third Jaguar crash in India this year, denoting ongoing challenges with the vintage fighter-bomber. Despite these setbacks, the IAF plans to keep the Jaguar in service until around 2040.
5. The Indian Navy commissioned its first indigenously designed and built Diving Support Vessel (DSV) named Nistar on 18th July 2025. The event took place at the Naval Dockyard in Visakhapatnam, with Defence Minister Rajnath Singh in attendance. This ship marks milestone in India’s defence self-reliance and enhances the Navy’s deep-sea diving and submarine rescue capabilities.
6. Recent developments in India’s defence technology show milestone. The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Indian Air Force (IAF) successfully tested the Astra Beyond Visual Range Air-to-Air Missile (BVRAAM) equipped with an indigenous Radio Frequency (RF) seeker. The test took place off the coast of Odisha from a Su-30 Mk-I fighter jet.
7. India recently received the second GE-F404 engine from the United States for its Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Mark-1A programme. This marks a key step in the ongoing effort to strengthen the Indian Air Force (IAF) with indigenous fighter jets. Despite delays caused by supply chain disruptions, deliveries of these engines are now underway.
8. The Indian Navy recently commissioned INS Nistar at the Naval Dockyard in Visakhapatnam. This vessel is the first of two indigenously designed diving support vessels (DSVs) built by Hindustan Shipyard Limited. The commissioning marks step in strengthening India’s underwater operational capabilities and maritime security across the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).
9. The Indo-Russian Rifles Private Limited (IRRPL) is set to complete the delivery of 6.01 lakh AK-203 rifles nearly 22 months ahead of the planned schedule. The contract, valued at Rs. 5,200 crore, was initially set to end by October 2032. This development marks milestone in India’s defence manufacturing capabilities.
10. India recently conducted successful test-firings of two nuclear-capable short-range ballistic missiles, Prithvi-II and Agni-I, from the Integrated Test Range off Odisha’s coast. These tests confirm the missile’s readiness and reinforce India’s strategic deterrence.
11. The Indian Navy marked a key milestone with the launch of Yard 3034 Ajay, the eighth and final ship of the Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW SWC) series. Built indigenously by Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers (GRSE) in Kolkata, this launch reinforces India’s push for self-reliance in defence shipbuilding under the Aatmanirbhar Bharat initiative.
12. The Indian Coast Guard (ICG) recently took step in enhancing its maritime environmental response capabilities with the launch of ‘Samudra Prachet’. This is the second and final Pollution Control Vessel (PCV) built indigenously by Goa Shipyard Ltd (GSL). The vessel was launched on 23rd July 2025 in Vasco, Goa.
13. India achieved milestone in defence technology with the successful test-firing of the UAV Launched Precision Guided Missile (ULPGM)-V3. Conducted at the National Open Area Range (NOAR) in Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, this trial marks a major boost to India’s missile capabilities.
14. The Indian Army recently conducted Exercise Drone Prahar in Arunachal Pradesh’s East Siang district. This high-tech military drill validated the use of drone technology in tactical battlefield scenarios. The exercise demonstrated the effective application of drones for intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance, and precision targeting under realistic operational conditions.
Monthly Current Affairs July 2025
Business, Economy & Banking
1. The Indian economy continues to showcase resilience despite global uncertainties. According to the Reserve Bank of India’s Financial Stability Report, sound macroeconomic fundamentals and prudent policies underpin this growth. The report marks both the strengths and vulnerabilities of the economy, offering a comprehensive overview of its current state.
2. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) issued an advisory for all banks to adopt the Financial Fraud Risk Indicator (FRI) developed by the Department of Telecommunications (DoT). This initiative is advancement in combatting cyber-enabled financial fraud in India. The FRI aims to enhance the security of digital transactions by providing real-time risk assessments of mobile numbers associated with financial activities.
3. The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) recently barred Jane Street, a US-based proprietary trading firm, for manipulative trading in the Indian derivatives market. The firm allegedly used aggressive strategies to sway prices and earn unlawful profits exceeding Rs. 32,681 crore.
4. India’s foreign trade has undergone transformation in recent years. Traditionally known for exporting physical goods, India now derives greater value from intangible exports. Services, remittances and other invisible transactions have become the dominant contributors to the country’s external balance of payments.
5. The Union Home Minister of India, Amit Shah, has recently taken charge of initiating talks with all stakeholders to expedite reforms in the Goods and Services Tax (GST) regime. This move aims to build consensus on several contentious issues, including the proposal to eliminate the 12 per cent GST slab.
6. India’s gig economy has expanded rapidly in recent years. By FY 2024-25, gig workers numbered about 12 million, up from 7.7 million in 2020–21. This sector now comprises over 2% of the total workforce. Growth is driven by digital connectivity, urbanisation, and a shift towards flexible work. This change marks a structural shift in India’s labour market.
7. India’s inflation rate remains below the Reserve Bank of India’s (RBI) 4% target in 2025. The Finance Ministry’s June Economic Review projects inflation will undershoot the 3.7% forecast for the fiscal year 2025-26 (FY26). This creates scope for the RBI to continue easing monetary policy.
Science & Technology
1. Recent advancements in material science have revealed intriguing properties of altermagnets, a novel class of magnetic materials. These materials have the potential to transform electronic devices. Researchers have particularly focused on chromium antimonide (CrSb), an altermagnet that exhibits remarkable characteristics.
2. Recent advancements in drone technology have opened new avenues for healthcare delivery. A study by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) marks the potential of drones in transporting blood and its components efficiently. This innovation is particularly beneficial in emergencies, especially in remote and difficult terrains.
3. In move to enhance India’s research and innovation landscape, the Union Cabinet has approved the Research Development and Innovation (RDI) Scheme. This initiative, led by Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi, allocates a substantial corpus of Rs. One lakh Crore. The scheme aims to invigorate private sector involvement in research and innovation, recognising its very important role in economic growth and self-reliance.
4. Recent advancements in energy storage technology have attracted global attention. Researchers from Bengaluru and Aligarh Muslim University have developed a new energy storage material. This innovation improves the performance of supercapacitors. Supercapacitors are essential for powering modern devices.
5. In recent developments, the Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO) has successfully conducted field trials of two advanced communication systems. The Defence Electronics Application Laboratory (DEAL) in Dehradun executed these trials in Joshimath, Uttarakhand. This initiative signifies a strong commitment to indigenous technologies that boost national security.
6. The year 2025 has seen landmark legal rulings addressing the contentious issue of copyright infringement by generative AI models. These judgements focus on whether AI systems, trained on vast datasets including copyrighted works, unlawfully use creator’s content without permission. The cases show tensions between technology firms and authors, musicians, and publishers over the use of pirated materials to train AI.
7. The discovery of a new cyprinid fish species in the Brahmaputra river at Maijan, Dibrugarh, marks addition to the ichthyofaunal diversity of Northeast India. Named Pethia dibrugarhensis after its type locality, this species enriches the understanding of freshwater biodiversity in the region.
8. Recent research by astronomers has uncovered tiny plasma loops in the lower layers of the Sun’s atmosphere. These miniature loops are extremely small and short-lived, making them difficult to detect until now. Their discovery provides new vital information about how the Sun stores and releases magnetic energy, a long-standing mystery in solar physics.
9. NASA announced the discovery of a rare interstellar comet named 3I/ATLAS passing through our solar system. This is only the third confirmed comet from beyond our solar system. Its unusual trajectory and high velocity confirm it is a visitor from another star system. Scientists worldwide are closely observing this unique object to gain vital information about the formation of planetary systems beyond our own.
10. The NITI Aayog in 2025 recommended reforms for the Department of Science and Technology’s (DST) funding of State Science and Technology (S&T) Councils. The suggestion is to shift from core grant support to project-based funding. This comes amid concerns over the council’s limited impact on India’s scientific output and regional disparities in funding.
11. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) recently achieved a key milestone in its Gaganyaan programme by successfully conducting two hot tests of the Service Module Propulsion System (SMPS). These tests validate the propulsion system’s readiness for India’s first crewed space mission.
12. Starlink, owned by Elon Musk, has secured the final regulatory clearance to offer satellite communication services in India. The Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre (IN-SPACe) authorised Starlink’s Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellation, enabling the company to begin operations after receiving an operator licence from the Department of Telecommunications (DoT).
13. Indian astronaut Shubhanshu Shukla made history by becoming the first Indian to conduct scientific research aboard the International Space Station (ISS). During the 18-day Axiom-4 mission, Shukla and his team carried out over 60 experiments focused on microgravity’s effects on biology, agriculture, technology and human physiology.
14. Recent observations have revealed the merger of two extraordinarily massive black holes. This event marks the largest black hole collision detected via gravitational waves. The discovery challenges existing theories about black hole formation and offers fresh vital information about cosmic evolution.
15. Recent advances in photocatalysis have led to a breakthrough method for producing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) using sunlight and water. Researchers have developed a novel material called Mo-DHTA COF that can synthesise H2O2 efficiently and sustainably. This innovation promises to transform industries by providing a greener alternative to conventional hydrogen peroxide production.
16. NASA and international solar physicists aim to unlock the mysteries of the Sun’s chromosphere with the Solar EruptioN Integral Field Spectrograph (SNIFS). This mission targets the highly dynamic chromosphere, a vital layer in understanding solar activity and the heating of the solar corona.
17. India’s space journey in 2025 continues to inspire with renewed focus on practical applications. The 50th anniversary of the Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE) marks India’s pioneering role in using space technology for social benefit. SITE was a landmark project that brought educational television to rural India through satellite broadcasting.
18. NASA’s TRACERS mission recently launched to study how Earth’s magnetic shield protects the planet from space weather effects. The twin satellites aim to understand magnetic reconnection, a key process in space weather that influences phenomena such as the aurora and satellite disruptions.
19. Recent developments marked the formal retraction of a controversial 2010 NASA-funded study that claimed discovery of a microbe, GFAJ-1, capable of substituting arsenic for phosphorus in its DNA. The initial announcement suggested a radical revision of biology and hinted at alien-like life chemistry.
20. Recent advances at the California Institute of Technology have enabled real-time imaging of molecular motion at an unprecedented scale. Using a novel optical technique, scientists can now visualise particles as small as tens of angstroms. This breakthrough allows direct observation of molecular dynamics in fluids and gases, opening new avenues in biomedical research and nanotechnology.
21. Radiotherapy remains a vital treatment for cancer patients in India. However, its expansion faces challenges due to high costs and planning gaps. A recent study by the Indian Council for Medical Research marks the urgent need to increase radiotherapy access to meet the growing cancer burden projected for 2025.
22. The Scheme for Promotion of Culture of Science (SPoCS) is a key initiative launched by the Ministry of Culture, Government of India. As of mid-2025, it has established 27 Science Centres across the country. These centres aim to encourage scientific temper and spread awareness among the general public and students.
23. India is rapidly advancing its artificial intelligence capabilities through the IndiaAI mission. The government is focused on making AI accessible and accountable for real-world applications. This initiative aligns with the vision of Prime Minister Narendra Modi to democratise technology and improve sectors such as healthcare, agriculture, education, climate, and governance.
24. The NISAR satellite, a joint mission by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and the United State’s National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), was successfully launched in 2025. It aims to transform climate monitoring, disaster response, and environmental management worldwide.
Monthly Current Affairs July 2025
Government Schemes
1. The Bihar government has recently introduced the ‘Mukhya Mantri Pratigya’ scheme. This initiative aims to support youths in securing internships following their Class 12 board examinations. Chief Minister Nitish Kumar led the Cabinet meeting where this decision was approved.
2. The Government of India has introduced new model rules to support agroforestry. Announced on 18th June 2025, these regulations aim to boost farmer’s income and address climate change. The Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) is leading this initiative.
3. The Government of India implemented a mandatory Facial Recognition System (FRS) for pregnant and lactating women to access take-home rations under the POSHAN Abhiyaan scheme. This decision has sparked widespread concerns regarding potential exclusions and operational challenges. The POSHAN Tracker app has been updated to enforce this requirement, removing the option to bypass facial recognition.
4. The Tamil Nadu State government launched a pilot project to deliver essential commodities directly to senior citizens and persons with disabilities (PwDs) in Chennai. This initiative aims to improve access to the public distribution system (PDS) for those who may struggle to visit traditional fair price shops.
5. The Government of India has recently approved the use of bike taxis through aggregators, pending state government consent. This decision aims to support thousands of gig workers, particularly in Karnataka, where a recent ban had deprived many of their income.
6. The Punjab government’s Land Pooling Policy, 2025, aims to promote planned urban development by pooling over 40,000 acres of farmland. This policy offers landowners developed residential and commercial plots in exchange for their pooled land. However, it has triggered widespread protests, especially from small farmers, who feel the policy favours large landowners and private developers.
7. The Andhra Pradesh government has introduced the Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Vidyarthi Mitra Kits scheme in 2025. It aims to provide free school kits to over 35 lakh students from Classes 1 to 10. The initiative seeks to promote equality among students and remove political influence from educational resources.
8. The Madhya Pradesh government recently approved the Mukhyamantri Vrindavan Gram Yojana. This ambitious rural development scheme aims to transform selected villages into model sustainable communities. Alongside this, the Cabinet sanctioned major initiatives in infrastructure, education, welfare, and security sectors.
9. The Andhra Pradesh government has launched a pioneering AI-based mosquito control programme named the Smart Mosquito Surveillance System (SMoSS). This innovative initiative aims to monitor and reduce mosquito populations efficiently during the monsoon season. It is the first of its kind in India to integrate artificial intelligence with public health vector control.
10. The Rajasthan government launched the Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay Poverty-Free Village Scheme. It aims to empower rural Below Poverty Line (BPL) families economically and help them rise above poverty. The scheme targets 5,000 villages in its first phase with a budget of Rs. 300 crore.
11. The Maharashtra Legislative Assembly recently passed the Special Public Security Bill, 2024. The Bill targets left-wing extremist organisations and aims to curb unlawful activities linked to them. It introduces strict measures including criminalising various acts and imposing severe penalties. The Bill now moves to the Legislative Council before receiving the Governor’s assent to become law.
12. The Maharashtra government has officially declared Sarvajanik Ganeshotsav as the state festival. This announcement marks the festival’s deep roots in social unity, nationalism, and cultural pride. The government has reaffirmed its commitment to preserving and promoting this tradition across Maharashtra and beyond.
13. The Government of Andhra Pradesh introduced the Revised Guidelines for Building Permissions under the Self-Certification Scheme (SCS) 2025 on 13th July 2025. This initiative aims to simplify and speed up the building permission process, enhancing ease of doing business and boosting the real estate sector.
14. The Government of India has approved the clearance of over 8,500 hectares of forest land in the first half of 2025. This move has raised concerns due to a Supreme Court order prohibiting forest land reduction without safeguards. The approvals include areas legally protected under earlier court directives.
15. The Punjab Government has introduced the Prevention of Offences Against Holy Scriptures Bill, 2025. This legislation aims to protect religious harmony by criminalising acts of sacrilege against sacred texts. It proposes stringent punishments including life imprisonment and heavy fines.
16. The Karnataka government has introduced draft rules to digitise the entire e-stamping and registration process. This move aims to make the system completely paperless and eliminate additional service charges. The new digital e-stamping system is expected to be implemented soon, marking shift from traditional and earlier e-stamping methods.
17. The Himachal Pradesh government has introduced the ‘My Deed’ National Generic Document Registration System (NGDRS) pilot project. This initiative aims to simplify land registration and make it more accessible for citizens. The new system reduces the need for multiple visits to government offices and promotes digital governance.
18. The Delhi government has recently notified the Delhi Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Rules, 2025. This marks step towards safeguarding the rights and welfare of transgender persons in the national capital. The notification empowers district magistrates to issue identity certificates to transgender individuals and establishes a dedicated welfare board for their empowerment.
19. The Government of India has increased the reserve prices of wheat and rice from its strategic foodgrain reserves for the fiscal year 2025-26. This move aims to manage supply, support farmers, and control inflation. The Food Corporation of India (FCI) will sell these grains through e-auctions under the Open Market Sale Scheme-Domestic (OMSS-D).
20. The Government of India has launched the Automotive Mission Plan 2047 (AMP 2047) to transform India into a global automotive leader by 2047. This strategic roadmap aligns with the broader ‘Viksit Bharat @2047’ vision. The plan emphasises innovation, sustainability, and increased global trade share.
21. The Uttar Pradesh government’s 2025 decision to merge government schools with low enrolment has sparked widespread debate. Opposition leaders and local communities argue the move could restrict access to education for marginalised children, especially girls. Despite protests, the Allahabad High Court has upheld the government’s position.
22. The Government of India has launched the National Standards for Civil Service Training Institutes 2.0 (NSCSTI 2.0). This upgraded framework aims to modernise and strengthen civil service training across the country. It promotes innovation, cooperation, and excellence in public administration.
23. The Government of India’s recent stance on regulating online content and intermediary liability has sparked debate in 2025. The Centre has defended lowering safe harbour protections for internet intermediaries and social media platforms. This move involves removing content flagged by authorities through the Sahyog Portal.
24. The Andhra Pradesh government launched the Green Hydrogen Valley Declaration 2025 with a focus on making the State a leader in green hydrogen production and innovation. The declaration sets ambitious goals to harness the State’s renewable energy potential and coastline for clean energy transformation.
25. The Puducherry government has introduced the One-Time Regularisation Scheme 2025 to legalise unauthorised constructions and plan violations across the Union Territory. The scheme aims to bring thousands of irregular buildings into compliance by allowing owners to apply online and pay prescribed fees.
26. The Tamil Nadu government has launched a Rs. 19.25 crore project to restore and develop the historic Chola Gangam lake, also known as Ponneri. This announcement coincides with the birth anniversary of King Rajendra Chola I on 23rd July 2025. The restoration aims to revive the ancient irrigation system and boost tourism near Gangaikonda Cholapuram.
27. The Government of India has recently constituted the National Crisis Management Committee (NCMC) to strengthen disaster response at the national level. This move follows severe monsoon-triggered floods and landslides across several states. The NCMC will act as the apex body for managing major disasters with nationwide impact.
28. The National Sports Governance Bill 2025 was introduced in India’s Parliament to improve transparency and accountability in sports administration. It targets national sports bodies including the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI). The bill aims to establish a robust regulatory framework to govern sports federations and promote athlete welfare.
29. The Government of India continues to implement the Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) system for fertilizer subsidies as of 2025. This system ensures that subsidies reach farmers directly through fertiliser companies based on actual sales verified by Aadhaar authentication at retail points. The scheme guarantees subsidised fertiliser supply to all farmers without discrimination.
30. The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 marked a major reform in India’s education system. Five years since its approval, some changes are visible in schools and higher education. However, many initiatives face delays due to institutional and political hurdles. This article summarises key developments and ongoing challenges under the NEP framework.
31. The Government of India has introduced the PM Viksit Bharat Rozgar Yojana (PM-VBRY), a major employment-linked incentive scheme starting from 1st August 2025. The scheme aims to generate over 3.5 crore new jobs in two years. It focuses on inclusive and sustainable employment, especially in the manufacturing sector.
Monthly Current Affairs July 2025
Awards & Honours
1. In a proud and historic moment, Deepika Padukone has become the first Indian actress to be honoured with a Hollywood Walk of Fame star. The announcement was made in Hollywood on Wednesday, 3rd July 2025. This is a big achievement, not only for Deepika but also for India, as it puts Indian talent on the global map.
2. The Meri Panchayat mobile application gained international acclaim by winning the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) Prizes 2025 Champion Award. This recognition came under the Action Line Category for Cultural Diversity and Identity, Linguistic Diversity and Local Content. The award was presented during the WSIS+20 High-Level Event 2025 held in Geneva, Switzerland.
3. Lord Meghnad Desai, a towering figure in economics and public policy, passed away in London on 29th July 2025 at the age of 85. His death marks the end of a remarkable career that bridged India and the United Kingdom, academia and politics, theory and practice. Desai’s work spanned development economics, Marxian theory, and international relations, leaving a lasting legacy in both countries and beyond.
4. On 4th July 2025, Prime Minister Narendra Modi was conferred with “The Order of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago”, the highest civilian award of the Caribbean island nation. It marks a historic moment as the first Indian Prime Ministerial visit to Trinidad and Tobago since 1999.
5. Prime Minister Narendra Modi was given Namibia’s highest civilian award during his one-day state visit to the African nation on Wednesday. The award, called ‘The Order of the Most Ancient Welwitschia Mirabilis’, was presented by Namibia’s President Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah. This honour shows the strong and growing relationship between India and Namibia.
6. President Droupadi Murmu presented the Kalinga Ratna Award-2024 to Union Education Minister Dharmendra Pradhan at an event in Cuttack, Odisha. The award ceremony was held during the 600th birth anniversary celebrations of Adikabi Sarala Das, a revered 15th-century Odia poet, organized by the Sarala Sahitya Sansad.
7. India has once again showcased its strong foundation in science education by winning two gold and two silver medals at the 57th International Chemistry Olympiad (IChO) 2025, held in Dubai, UAE. With this performance, India secured sixth place globally among 90 participating countries, underlining its growing presence in international academic competitions.
8. Dr. V. Narayanan, the current Chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and Secretary of the Department of Space, was recently awarded the prestigious GP Birla Memorial Award in 2025. This accolade recognizes his outstanding contribution to India’s space programme and his leadership in advancing cutting-edge space technologies.
9. In a landmark achievement for India’s performing arts, mentalist Suhani Shah from Rajasthan has become the first Indian to win the ‘Best Magic Creator 2025’ award at the Federation Internationale des Societes Magiques (FISM)-popularly known as the Oscars for magicians. The award was presented at the prestigious FISM World Championship held in Torino, Italy, recognizing her excellence in the online category of magic.
Sports
1. The National Sports Policy (NSP) 2025 represents shift in India’s approach to sports. Approved by the Union Cabinet, it aims to position India as a global sporting powerhouse. This policy replaces the outdated NSP 2001 and is designed to enhance the country’s performance in international sporting events, including the upcoming 2036 Olympic Games.
2. Indian men’s football team dropped to 133rd place in the FIFA world rankings, going down by six positions. This fall comes after two recent losses in June against Thailand and Hong Kong. It marks India’s lowest ranking since December 2016, raising concern about the team’s future in upcoming tournaments.
3. Lando Norris won the British Grand Prix at Silverstone on 6th July 2025, in a dramatic and rainy race. This was a special win for Norris, who grew up dreaming of winning at his home track. His victory also helped him close the gap in the championship race against his teammate Oscar Piastri.
4. India defeated England at Edgbaston for the first time ever in Test cricket, marking a historic moment on 6th July 2025. This win not only broke their poor record at the venue but also came with a record margin of 336 runs, the biggest win by runs for India in any away Test.
5. World Boxing Cup in Astana, Kazakhstan, Indian women boxers Sakshi, Jaismine, and Nupur won gold medals in their respective weight categories. India ended the event with its best-ever medal tally of 11 medals, showing the country’s growing strength in international boxing.
6. Magnus Carlsen, the world’s top chess player, has won the SuperUnited Rapid and Blitz 2025 tournament held in Zagreb, Croatia. He secured the title on 7th July 2025, with one round to spare. This win shows Carlsen’s strong form, while India’s D. Gukesh also impressed by finishing third.
7. Iga Swiatek from Poland won her first Wimbledon title on 12th July 2025, beating Amanda Anisimova of the United States in just 57 minutes. The final score was 6-0, 6-0, making it one of the most one-sided women’s finals in tennis history.
8. Jannik Sinner won his first Wimbledon title by defeating two-time champion Carlos Alcaraz on Sunday, 13th July 2025, in London. This was a big moment in tennis, as it showed how strong the rivalry between the two young stars has become. The win also gave Sinner his fourth Grand Slam title and ended many winning streaks held by Alcaraz.
9. In the third Test match held at Sabina Park, Kingston on 14th July 2025, the West Indies were dismissed for just 27 runs in their second innings. This is now recorded as the second-lowest completed innings total in the history of Test cricket, surpassed only by New Zealand’s 26 in 1955.
10. Veteran West Indies all-rounder Andre Russell has announced his retirement from international cricket, concluding a distinguished T20 career. His final matches will be the T20Is against Australia on 20th and 22nd July 2025, at Sabina Park, Jamaica.
11. In a major development for international cricket, the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) has been awarded the hosting rights for the next three ICC World Test Championship (WTC) Finals-scheduled in 2027, 2029, and 2031. This announcement was made during the ICC Annual Conference 2025, held in Singapore.
12. In a dramatic upset at the IBSF World 6-Red Snooker Championship 2025, 16-year-old Welsh cueist Riley Powell defeated India’s snooker legend Pankaj Advani in the final held in Manama, Bahrain. The closely contested match ended 5-4 in Powell’s favour, denying Advani a record 29th world title on his 40th birthday.
13. India’s rising chess star Divya Deshmukh scripted history on 28th July 2025, by defeating veteran Koneru Humpy in the tiebreaks to win the FIDE Women’s Chess World Cup held in Batumi, Georgia. At just 19 years old, Divya not only clinched one of the most prestigious titles in women’s chess but also became India’s fourth female Grandmaster (GM).
14. India put up a spirited performance at the FISU World University Games 2025, held in Germany, finishing in the 20th position with a total of 12 medals. The medal tally included two gold, five silver, and five bronze medals, showcasing India’s growing presence on the global stage of university-level sports.
Monthly Current Affairs July 2025
Monthly Current Affairs June 2025
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