Monthly Current Affairs January 2025
National
1. The Central Government of India has taken steps to address the plight of undertrial prisoners. On 1st January 2025, the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) issued a directive to all states and Union Territories (UTs) regarding the implementation of Section 479 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (BNSS).
2. Tensions in Katra, Jammu and Kashmir, have escalated due to ongoing protests against a proposed Rs. 250-crore ropeway project. The protests, initiated by the Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Sangharsh Samiti, have entered their seventh day and coincide with a peak pilgrimage season. Local businesses and livelihoods are at stake, prompting widespread demonstrations.
3. The recent declaration of the Wayanad landslides as a disaster of “severe nature” marks governmental response. This decision follows extensive criticism regarding the lack of financial aid for the victims. The landslides occurred on 30th July resulting in over 200 fatalities, numerous injuries, and the displacement of thousands in the region.
4. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has published the Financial Stability Report (FSR) for December 2024, presenting an in-depth assessment of the health and stability of the Indian financial system. Real GDP growth moderated to 6% during the first half of 2024-25, down from 8.2% in the previous year.
5. Nimisha Priya, an Indian nurse from Kerala, is on death row in Yemen for the 2017 killing of a Yemeni national. The Yemeni President, Rashad al-Alimi, has approved the death sentence, which is set to be executed within a month. Despite the grim circumstances, there are potential avenues for her to avoid execution.
6. The ‘Bharatiya Vayuyan Adhiniyam 2024’ is a transformative piece of legislation that replaces the outdated ‘Aircraft Act of 1934’. This new Act comes into effect on 1st January 2025, and aims to enhance passenger rights and attract investment in the aviation sector.
7. Recently, Indian courts reached milestone by disposing of more cases than the number pending. This indicates a concerted effort by the judiciary to tackle the longstanding issue of case pendency. The National Judicial Data Grid (NJDG) reported that district courts resolved over 13.4 million cases, leaving approximately 10.5 million pending.
8. he Ministry of Education (MoE) has recently released the Unified District Information System for Education Plus (UDISE+) report 2023-24. It reported a decline in student enrolment for the academic year 2023-24. The total enrolment fell to 24.8 crore, a drop of over one crore compared to previous years.
9. The Supreme Court of India is poised to make a landmark decision regarding the interpretation of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 (PCA). This case could reshape the legal landscape surrounding corruption charges prior to 2018. The court will examine whether merely offering a bribe is punishable under the PCA, even if the public official declines the offer.
10. The Union Home Ministry of India has recently amended prison manual rules to eliminate caste discrimination among inmates. This decision follows a Supreme Court order issued on 3rd October 2024, addressing concerns about caste-based discrimination in prisons. The amendments aim to ensure that prisoners are treated equally, regardless of their caste, and that no segregation occurs based on this criterion.
11. The Ministry of Statistics & Programme Implementation (MoSPI) has announced the initiation of several key surveys starting in January 2025. These surveys aim to gather crucial data on various sectors, including health, telecommunications, education, and labour force dynamics.
12. The recent actions of AbbVie Healthcare India Private Ltd have brought attention to the ethical standards in pharmaceutical marketing. The company was found guilty of violating the Uniform Code for Pharmaceutical Marketing Practices (UCPMP), 2024.
13. The Supreme Court of India recently reaffirmed the significance of property rights within the constitutional framework. The court’s ruling brought into light that while the right to property is no longer a fundamental right, it remains a constitutional right under Article 300A.
14. The Logistics Ease Across Different States (LEADS) 2024 report has identified 13 states and Union Territories as “achievers” in logistics performance. This report, released by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, evaluates the efficiency of logistics services.
15. India’s education system faces challenges according to a recent study. The report compares educational investments across eight countries, revealing India’s stagnation in spending. The Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) released the study, which advocates for an increase in India’s education budget to 6% of GDP.
16. Recent data from a study titled ‘400 Million Dreams!’ by the Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister (EAC-PM) indicates decline in rural to urban migration in India. The report reveals a reduction of 5.4 million migrants, or 11.8 per cent, compared to 2011.
17. The Kerala government has introduced a Bill to amend the Kerala Forest Act of 1961. This Bill is set to be debated in the upcoming session of the state Assembly. Farmer organisations have expressed concerns regarding the proposed amendments. They argue that the changes will negatively impact the lives of residents in approximately 430 village panchayats.
18. The ongoing debate surrounding net neutrality has seen developments recently. On 2nd January 2025, the 6th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled against the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in its second attempt to enforce net neutrality. This ruling contrasts sharply with India’s approach over the past decade, where telecom companies have sought to navigate net neutrality regulations to extract payments from major technology platforms.
19. Global Nutrition Targets (GNTs) were established by the World Health Assembly to combat maternal and child malnutrition. The targets aim to reduce stunting, anaemia, and childhood overweight by 2030. A recent evaluation published in The Lancet brought into light the slow progress made towards these targets from 2012 to 2021 across 204 countries.
20. The Arunachal Pradesh government is reactivating a 1978 Act aimed at preventing forced religious conversions. This move occurs nearly five decades after the Act was enacted by the first Legislative Assembly of the then Union Territory. The Act prohibits religious conversion by coercion, inducement, or deceit, with penalties including imprisonment and fines.
21. In January 2025, the Supreme Court clarified the parameters for police investigations into serious and non-serious crimes. The Court distinguished between cognizable and non-cognizable offences, emphasising the importance of safeguards in place for non-cognizable offences.
22. The ongoing legal battle involving e-commerce giants Amazon and Flipkart has escalated. The Supreme Court of India recently transferred all petitions regarding alleged anti-competitive practices by these companies to the Karnataka High Court.
23. On 6th January 2025, Tamil Nadu’s Governor R. N. Ravi left the Legislative Assembly without delivering his customary address. His departure stemmed from the absence of the national anthem before his scheduled speech. This incident echoes a similar refusal from the previous year, raising questions about protocol and respect for national symbols.
24. The University Grants Commission (UGC) has introduced new regulations for the appointment and promotion of teachers in higher education. Released on 6th January 2025, by Union Education Minister Dharmendra Pradhan, these draft regulations clarify the selection process for Vice-Chancellors.
25. The Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission (IPC) has recently raised concerns regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs) linked to widely used beta blocker medications. These drugs, including metoprolol, propranolol, and atenolol, are commonly prescribed for heart-related conditions.
26. The Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MoTA) has intervened in dispute concerning forest rights in Madhya Pradesh. Recently, 52 villages have raised concerns about the denial of their forest rights and threats of eviction from the Rani Durgavati Tiger Reserve.
27. Recent discussions surrounding the Indo-US nuclear deal highlight barriers that hinder progress in nuclear collaboration. The US National Security Advisor, Jake Sullivan, has hinted at potential changes, yet two primary legal obstacles remain. These challenges stem from both American regulations and Indian legislation, which complicate the partnership between the two nations.
28. Karnataka’s government is set to enhance tourism through investments in historical and religious sites. The recent announcement includes a Rs. 100 crore initiative focused on Yadgir Fort, part of the One District, One Spot programme. This initiative aims to promote regional tourism and cultural heritage.
29. The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) has taken steps to improve its collaboration with the International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL). As of January 2025, three senior CBI officers have been deployed to INTERPOL offices in France and Singapore.
30. The Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) has recently appointed 24 new members to the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT). This strategic move, announced on 7th January 2025, aims to enhance the tribunal’s efficiency in resolving corporate disputes. The appointments include 11 Judicial Members and 13 Technical Members, each serving a tenure of five years or until the age of 65.
31. The Delhi Land Reforms Act of 1954 has recently gained attention due to allegations made by former Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal. He claimed that Prime Minister Modi has not fulfilled his promise to repeal Sections 33 and 81 of the Act. These sections have implications for land use in rural Delhi, affecting many small farmers.
32. The Government of India is revising its regulatory framework for medical devices to enhance safety and efficiency. This initiative aims to classify approximately 1,178 medical devices into four distinct categories based on their risk profiles.
33. In 2024, Haryana reported a concerning drop in its sex ratio at birth, reaching an eight-year low of 910 girls for every 1,000 boys. This figure has alarmed activists and civil society members, despite government officials describing it as a minor fluctuation. The sex ratio is a critical indicator of gender equality and reflects the status of women in society.
34. The Telangana government has formally requested information regarding the Polavaram (Godavari)-Banakacherla (Krishna) link project. This request was directed to the Chairman of the Godavari River Management Board (GRMB).
35. Recent legislative developments in Tamil Nadu focus on enhancing the legal framework for the protection of women. Chief Minister M. K. Stalin introduced amendment bills in the Tamil Nadu Assembly aimed at revising punishments for crimes against women.
36. The Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and Election Commissioners (ECs) in India are very important figures in ensuring free and fair elections. Traditionally, the next senior-most Election Commissioner succeeded the CEC. However, the Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Act, 2023, has introduced change to this process.
37. The political landscape in Delhi has become tumultuous as the Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) and the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) exchange accusations regarding the manipulation of electoral rolls ahead of the upcoming Assembly elections. This controversy has reignited discussions about the proposal to link voter IDs, specifically the Election Photo Identity Card (EPIC), with Aadhaar numbers.
38. India’s labour laws, designed to protect workers, often fall short in practice. Despite regulations capping working hours at 48 per week, many employees face extensive overtime without proper compensation. The ongoing dialogue about workers’ rights is particularly relevant as India observes National Youth Day on 12th January.
39. In the wake of rising cybercrime, India has taken steps to combat financial fraud. The online ‘suspect registry’, launched on 10th September 2024, has already proven effective. It has led to the rejection of over six lakh fraudulent transactions, saving approximately Rs. 1,800 crore.
40. Recently, the Supreme Court has clarified that proceedings for the restitution of conjugal rights and maintenance are independent. This decision emphasises that a husband must continue paying maintenance to his wife, even if she does not comply with a court order for restitution.
41. Recent demographic studies reveal global decline in fertility rates across 204 countries from 1950 to 2021, with projections indicating this trend will continue. Notably, India has experienced a sharp drop in its Total Fertility Rate (TFR), raising concerns about socio-economic implications, especially in southern states.
42. In recent years, Indian States have increasingly relied on financial transfers and grants from the Central government. Over the last decade, the share of Central transfers in State revenues has increased, raising concerns about the sustainability of State finances and their ability to generate independent revenue.
43. Recently, the Twipra Student Federation (TSF) protested in Agartala, Tripura, demanding the adoption of the Roman script for the Kokborok language. This movement marks the ongoing struggle for linguistic recognition and cultural justice among the Borok people.
44. Recently, the Supreme Court of India addressed the Enforcement Directorate’s (ED) interpretation of bail conditions under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002. The case involved Shashi Bala, a teacher accused of aiding a money laundering scam. The court’s ruling brought into light the legal exceptions for women in such cases, sparking discussions on the application of stringent bail standards.
45. In recent months, the Government of India has intensified its regulations regarding the entry of foreigners into the Northeastern states bordering Myanmar. This shift follows a period of relative openness, with implications for local communities and cross-border relations.
46. The Andhra Pradesh State Cabinet approved the construction of a flood protection wall along the Krishna River. This initiative aims to mitigate recurring flooding issues affecting local communities. The decision follows previous efforts to address soil erosion and flooding on the river’s banks, particularly in Vijayawada and surrounding areas.
47. The Protection and Enforcement of Interests in Aircraft Objects Bill, 2024, aims to transform India’s aviation sector by enhancing the leasing framework. This legislation is expected to lower costs, improve accessibility to air travel, and attract investment as India anticipates a surge in aircraft acquisitions.
48. In recent years, Madhya Pradesh has seen a rise in Benami transactions, particularly within its tiger reserves. The Income Tax Department’s Benami Prohibition Unit (BPU) has identified and attached properties linked to these illegal transactions in the Pench Tiger Reserve, area known for its biodiversity and tourism.
49. In recent developments, the Supreme Court of India has emphasised the need for greater sensitivity among investigation agencies and courts regarding abetment of suicide cases under Section 306 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC). This comes in light of a case involving a bank manager accused of pressuring a borrower, who later died by suicide.
50. Recent studies indicate rise in breast cancer cases in India, with projections estimating an increase of 50,000 cases annually. The economic burden associated with these cases is expected to reach approximately $19.55 billion per year by 2030. This alarming trend marks the urgent need for strategic healthcare interventions and policy reforms.
51. Recently, Uttarakhand’s government approved a comprehensive manual for its Uniform Civil Code (UCC), aiming to standardise personal laws across the state. This initiative marks Uttarakhand as the first state of India to implement the UCC, with preparations underway for training officials and launching online services.
52. The Neutral Expert (NE) under the 1960 Indus Water Treaty (IWT) recently stated that he has the authority to resolve disputes between India and Pakistan about the design of hydroelectric projects on Indus Treaty rivers. India stated that it “welcomed” this decision.
53. Recently, the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) introduced draft guidelines aimed at enhancing self-governance in India’s rapidly growing e-commerce sector. These measures address increasing concerns over consumer protection and trust erosion, reflecting a commitment to ethical practices and transparency.
54. In recent developments, the Madhya Pradesh High Court has directed actor Saif Ali Khan to appeal against a central government order declaring his family’s historical properties in Bhopal as “enemy property.” This case has been ongoing since 2015, with properties valued at approximately Rs. 15,000 crore, including the Flag Staff House and Noor-Us-Sabah Palace, at the centre of the dispute.
55. The Fiscal Health Index (FHI) 2025 is an annual publication evaluates the fiscal health of state of Indias. It aims to provide data-driven insights for better policy interventions. The FHI focuses on improving fiscal governance and enhancing economic resilience across states.
56. The Madras High Court has recently mandated local authorities in five districts of Tamil Nadu to devise a comprehensive action plan to combat pollution in the Vaigai River. This directive follows alarming reports of severe contamination due to waste discharge from both domestic and industrial sources.
57. In the recent Brindavan Hydropower Private Limited Case, 2024, the Karnataka High Court struck down the Electricity (Promoting Renewable Energy Through Green Energy Open Access) Rules, 2022 (GEOA Rules) and related Karnataka Regulatory Commission Regulations, 2022.
58. On 21st January 2025, the Supreme Court of India suggested the temporary appointment of retired judges to alleviate the backlog of pending criminal cases in various High Courts. This proposal is rooted in Article 224A of the Constitution of India, which permits such appointments under specific conditions.
59. The Cauvery-South Vellar Link project has faced delays as the Union government has yet to grant in-principle approval, four years after Tamil Nadu’s request in January 2021. The Supreme Court recently addressed this issue while dismissing Karnataka’s plea to halt the project.
60. The Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 2024 has revealed findings regarding education in rural India. The report marks improvements in learning levels and shifts in school enrolment patterns. Conducted by the NGO Pratham, the survey reached over 6,49,000 children across 605 rural districts.
61. Recently, US Secretary of State Marco Rubio discussed irregular immigration with Indian External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar. This meeting brought into light the ongoing issue of undocumented Indian immigrants in the US. As of late 2024, there were over 20,000 undocumented Indians facing deportation.
62. Punjab is facing drug crisis exacerbated by its geographical location. The state shares a lengthy border with Pakistan and is near the “Golden Crescent,” a notorious drug trafficking route. In response to the escalating drug problem, the Punjab government has requested a one-time special assistance of Rs. 600 crore from the Centre.
63. The Government of India has introduced new rules to standardise timekeeping across the nation. The draft legislation mandates the exclusive use of Indian Standard Time (IST) for all official and commercial activities. This initiative aims to enhance precision in timekeeping, especially in critical sectors like telecommunications and banking.
64. Assam Chief Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma announced that Dibrugarh would be upgraded to a full-fledged city and serve as the second capital of Assam. This decision aims to enhance the Ease of Living and improve connectivity within the region. The announcement coincided with the Republic Day celebrations, marking transformation for a city once associated with militancy.
65. The Koraga tribe, classified as a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG), is facing decline in its population. Recent reports indicate a drop from 20,000 members two decades ago to approximately 16,000.
66. The Waqf Amendment Bill, introduced in 2024, has ignited intense debates in the Indian Parliament. This legislation aims to amend the Waqf Act of 1995, addressing the management of Waqf properties. The Joint Committee on the Waqf Amendment Bill has been at the centre of this controversy, with amendments proposed.
67. The Uniform Civil Code (UCC) was implemented in Uttarakhand on 27th January 2025. It makes Uttarakhand as the first state in India to enact the UCC post-independence. The UCC aims to establish a unified legal framework for all citizens, promoting equality across various personal laws.
68. The Supreme Court of India has faced scrutiny over its handling of split verdicts. These decisions occur when judges cannot reach a consensus. The recent case regarding the burial of Ramesh Baghel’s father marks the complexities of such verdicts. The Court’s approach raises questions about judicial processes and the impact on individuals involved.
69. Recent discussions surrounding the role of party whips in Indian politics have gained momentum. Vice President Jagdeep Dhankhar has raised concerns about how whips limit an MP’s freedom of expression. He argues that enforcing party loyalty stifles individual thought. This statement has ignited a broader debate on the implications of the whip system in parliamentary democracy.
70. The Anthropological Survey of India (AnSI) and Tribal Research Institutes (TRIs) have recently completed study on India’s denotified, semi-nomadic, and nomadic tribes. This comprehensive classification effort involved categorising 268 tribes that had previously remained unclassified.
71. The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI) has introduced new guidelines to enhance the functioning of Information Utilities (IUs) within the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC). These changes aim to improve identity verification, streamline processes, and ensure data integrity in insolvency cases.
72. The Supreme Court of India has undergone transformation since its inception in 1950. Celebrating 75 years, Chief Justice Sanjiv Khanna brought into light its role as a “true people’s court”. This transformation reflects its commitment to social, economic, and political justice.
73. The Supreme Court of India has recently issued ruling regarding the environmental impact of tanneries in Vellore, Tamil Nadu. It compared the pollution in the Palar River (a water source for 30 towns and 50 villages) due to untreated tannery waste to an “ecocide” (severe environmental destruction).
Monthly Current Affairs – January 2025
International
1. India and Pakistan have recently exchanged information regarding their nuclear installations. This exchange is part of an annual agreement that has been in place for over three decades. The agreement aims to prevent attacks on each country’s nuclear facilities. The exchange also included details about civilian prisoners and fishermen held in custody by both nations.
2. The Islamic State (IS) group has recently been implicated in a series of violent attacks, signalling a troubling resurgence. On New Year’s Day 2025, a truck attack in New Orleans resulted in 15 fatalities and approximately 30 injuries. The assailant, Shamsud-Din Jabbar, a U.S. citizen, displayed an Islamic State flag during the incident.
3. The United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (Unrwa) is on the brink of closure due to new Israeli legislation. This agency provides essential services to Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The impending halt of its operations poses threat to the livelihood of many families, including those like the Hashash family in Balata Camp, who rely heavily on Unrwa for healthcare, education, and food assistance.
4. The ongoing trade tensions between the United States and China have intensified, particularly regarding critical minerals essential for advanced technology and defence. Following the US’s stringent export controls on chipmaking equipment and software, China has responded with its own set of restrictions.
5. Indonesia has officially become a full member of the BRICS group, as announced by Brazil’s government. Indonesia’s foreign ministry expressed that this membership is vital for strengthening partnerships with other developing nations.
6. Recent global dynamics reveal a concerning stagnation in international cooperation, primarily due to escalating geopolitical tensions. The World Economic Forum’s Global Cooperation Barometer 2025 indicates that while cooperation has ‘flatlined’, there are promising developments in climate finance, trade, and innovation.
7. In recent months, India has intensified its engagement with the Taliban. This move comes amid geopolitical changes in the region. The Taliban, having established control over Afghanistan since August 2021, has sought stronger ties with India. Meanwhile, India aims to protect its national and security interests against a backdrop of shifting alliances and regional instability.
8. In early January 2025, US President-elect Donald Trump announced plans to rename the Gulf of Mexico to the “Gulf of America”. This statement emerged amidst escalating tensions with neighbouring countries, particularly Mexico. In response, Mexico’s President Claudia Sheinbaum proposed renaming North America to “Mexican America”, referencing historical maps.
9. Indonesian President Prabowo Subianto will attend India’s Republic Day celebrations as the Chief Guest. This visit marks diplomatic engagement between Indonesia and India. Subianto’s itinerary has changed, as he will now visit Malaysia instead of Pakistan after discussions with Indian officials. This decision reflects India’s concerns regarding the potential implications of including Pakistan in his travel plans.
10. The Biden administration has introduced a new framework for exporting advanced computer chips integral to artificial intelligence (AI) development. This proposal aims to address national security concerns while considering the economic interests of chip producers and international partners.
11. The ongoing border fencing dispute between India and Bangladesh has escalated recently. The Ministry of External Affairs of India affirmed its commitment to existing agreements concerning the border. This statement followed Bangladesh’s summoning of India’s High Commissioner in Dhaka, expressing serious concerns over the Border Security Force’s (BSF) activities.
12. Recent developments have emerged regarding the ongoing conflict in the Gaza Strip. On 14th January 2025, Hamas signalled its agreement to a draft ceasefire. While progress was made, final details were still under negotiation. The Israeli Cabinet must approve the plan, which could present challenges. The conflict, which erupted in October 2023, has resulted in casualties, with over 64,000 fatalities reported in Gaza.
13. The recent announcement by the United States regarding sanctions on Russia’s oil trade marks escalation in efforts to curb Russian petroleum exports. Just days before President Joe Biden’s departure from office, the sanctions target around 160 oil tankers, two major oil producers, and various trading and insurance companies. The measures aim to disrupt Russia’s oil supply chain, particularly affecting key buyers like India and China.
14. Recently, Nigeria was officially admitted as a partner country of the BRICS group, which includes Brazil, Russia, China, and South Africa. This move reflects Nigeria’s growing influence as Africa’s largest economy and its commitment to enhancing international collaboration. BRICS aims to provide a counterbalance to Western-led economic forums and promote South-South cooperation.
15. The Philadelphi Corridor is an important strip of land along the Gaza-Egypt border. It serves as link for Gaza, particularly for Hamas, amidst ongoing conflicts and ceasefire negotiations. Recent developments have seen a ceasefire brokered by international parties, impacting control and security arrangements in the corridor.
16. Recently, Sri Lanka is set to receive its largest foreign direct investment from China, amounting to $3.7 billion for an oil refinery. This investment comes during President Anura Kumara Dissanayake’s visit to China and is integral to China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). The project raises concerns regarding potential debt traps and regional geopolitical tensions, particularly with India.
17. Recently, US President Donald Trump announced plans to impose a 10% punitive duty on Chinese imports. This decision stems from concerns over the influx of fentanyl into the United States, primarily sourced from China. The opioid epidemic has reached alarming levels in the US, prompting urgent discussions on trade and public health.
18. India and China have recently agreed to resume the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra, marking moment in bilateral relations. This decision follows Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri’s visit to Beijing and comes after months of negotiations to resolve military tensions at the Line of Actual Control. The yatra, which was halted due to the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent geopolitical tensions, is now set to recommence under existing agreements.
19. The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has expressed serious concerns regarding the potential escape of Ebola samples from a laboratory in Goma, Democratic Republic of Congo. Ongoing fighting in the city has raised fears of power cuts that could compromise the integrity of these samples.
20. Alcohol consumption has been identified as the third leading preventable cause of cancer in the United States. This information comes from a recent report by the US Surgeon General. The report reveals that alcohol contributes to approximately 1,00,000 cancer cases and 20,000 related deaths annually.
21. The recent funding freeze imposed by the United States government has raised concerns regarding the future of HIV treatment and care worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) has warned that this halt could lead to increased illness and death among those living with HIV.
Monthly Current Affairs – January 2025
Defence
1. The Indian Ministry of Defence has recently signed two contracts valued at Rs. 2,867 crore concerning Scorpene-class submarines. The contracts focus on enhancing the operational capabilities of these submarines through advanced technologies.
2. India’s Ministry of Defence has declared 2025 as the “Year of Reforms.” This initiative aims to modernise the armed forces, focusing on joint operations, advanced technologies, and integrated military strategies. Defence Minister Rajnath Singh leads this transformation, which seeks to enhance India’s defence capabilities and establish the country as a global leader in defence exports.
3. India and Malaysia have recently taken steps to enhance their bilateral relationship through the inaugural India-Malaysia Security Dialogue held in New Delhi. This meeting was co-chaired by India’s National Security Adviser, Ajit Doval, and Malaysia’s National Security Council Director General, Raja Dato Nushirwan Bin Zainal Abidin.
4. The Union Ministry of Home Affairs, along with various State governments, has initiated a programme that enlists approximately 54,800 cyber crime volunteers to identify and report unlawful content online. This initiative stems from the Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C). The programme aims to enhance public participation in maintaining cybersecurity and protecting the integrity of the nation.
5. The National Investigation Agency (NIA) has reported a remarkable achievement in 2024, reaching a 100% conviction rate. This milestone reflects the agency’s commitment to enhancing national security and delivering justice. In total, the NIA convicted 68 individuals across 25 cases, showcasing its effectiveness in tackling serious criminal activities.
6. Goa Shipyard Limited (GSL) has made advancements in shipbuilding with the recent launch of two Fast Patrol Vessels (FPVs) for the Indian Coast Guard. This event took place on 5th January 2025, and marks a milestone in GSL’s commitment to technological innovation and operational excellence. The launch was presided over by CMD Brajesh Kumar Upadhyay, who noted that GSL has experienced a remarkable 100 per cent increase in gross revenue, surpassing the Rs. 2,000 crore mark.
7. On 5th January 2025, an Advanced Light Helicopter (ALH) Mark-III of the Indian Coast Guard crashed during a training sortie in Porbandar, Gujarat. Tragically, all three personnel on board lost their lives. This incident marked the second fatal crash involving the ALH Mark-III within a span of four months.
8. On 7th January 2025, a 7.1 magnitude earthquake struck the Tibetan region near the Nepal border. The quake’s epicentre was approximately 80 km north of Mt Everest, located 10 km below the surface. By evening, reports indicated at least 95 fatalities and over 130 injuries in China, with extensive property damage. Tremors were felt as far away as Kathmandu and Kolkata.
9. The Anji Khad Rail Bridge, located in Reasi district, Jammu and Kashmir, is India’s first cable-stayed rail bridge. It is part of the ambitious Udampur-Srinagar-Baramulla Rail Link (USBRL) Project. This project aims to enhance connectivity in the region, which is crucial for both economic development and tourism.
10. Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) has marked achievement in military aviation with the engine ground run of the Combat Air Teaming System (CATS) Warrior on 11th January 2025. This event precedes Aero India 2025, denoting HAL’s commitment to advancing India’s defence capabilities. CATS is an innovative air combat system that integrates manned and unmanned aircraft to enhance operational efficiency and reduce risks to pilots.
11. Nato, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, has been a very important military alliance since its formation in 1949. In light of recent geopolitical tensions, particularly following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, discussions around defence spending among member states have intensified. US President-elect Donald Trump has urged European Nato members to increase their defence spending to 5% of their national incomes, above the current target of 2%.
12. The Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla Rail Link (USBRL) project is infrastructure initiative by Indian Railways. This project aims to connect the Kashmir Valley with the Indian Railways network. The USBRL is set to operationalise soon, with the Jammu-Srinagar Vande Bharat Express train service expected to commence shortly.
13. In recent developments, India and the United States have announced a strategic partnership aimed at co-producing sonobuoys for Undersea Domain Awareness (UDA) within the Indian Navy. This initiative reflects both nation’s concerns regarding the increasing Chinese naval presence in the Indian Ocean Region.
14. In January 2025, Assam’s Chief Minister, Hemanta Biswa Sarma, announced ongoing discussions with the central government regarding the establishment of a defence industrial corridor in Assam. This initiative aims to enhance the logistical capabilities of the armed forces in the northeastern region of India.
15. Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) has achieved milestone by successfully commissioning two units of the Punatsangchhu-II Hydroelectric Project (PHEP-II) in Bhutan. This project, which involves a total capacity of 6×170 MW, was executed under a bilateral agreement between India and Bhutan.
16. In January 2025, India is intensifying its fight against drug trafficking. The Union Home Minister, Amit Shah, will lead a regional conference focused on the implications of drug trafficking on national security. This initiative is part of a broader effort under Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s Zero Tolerance Policy against drugs.
17. Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDL) recently delivered the final submarine of the Scorpene class to the Indian Navy. This submarine, named INS Vaghsheer, represents milestone in India’s naval capabilities. The delivery occurred after extensive testing to ensure the submarine is combat-ready. MDL’s achievement marks India’s growing reputation as a submarine-building nation.
18. The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has made advancements in military clothing technology. The HIMKAVACH multi-layer clothing system has successfully passed user trials, demonstrating its effectiveness in extreme cold weather conditions. This innovative clothing is specifically designed for operational use in the Himalayan region, where temperatures can drop drastically.
19. Sweden has announced military contribution to NATO in response to escalating tensions in the Baltic Sea. This marks Sweden’s first deployment of armed forces as a NATO ally since joining the alliance in March 2024. The decision comes amid rising concerns regarding potential Russian activities in the region, particularly related to the security of underwater infrastructure.
20. The Indian Navy is poised to enhance its capabilities with the commissioning of three advanced platforms on 15th January 2025. These vessels represent leap in India’s naval technology and self-reliance, with all three constructed at Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited in Mumbai.
21. The Z-Morh Tunnel, infrastructure project in Kashmir, aims to enhance connectivity in the region. This 6.4-kilometre-long tunnel connects Sonamarg, a popular tourist destination, with Kangan town in the Ganderbal district. Its construction addresses the challenges posed by heavy snowfall and avalanches during winter, which often render the roads impassable.
22. The Government of India has recently reconstituted the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), incorporating new members to enhance its oversight and policy formulation capabilities. The reconstitution reflects a strategic move to strengthen the governance of atomic energy in the country.
23. The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has recently conducted successful field evaluation trials of the Nag Mark 2 missile. This third-generation fire-and-forget anti-tank guided missile was tested at the Pokhran field range in Rajasthan.
24. The Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) is undergoing expansion, as approved by the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA). This decision will create two additional battalions, each comprising 1,025 personnel. The total number of CISF battalions will increase from 13 to 15, resulting in 2,050 new job opportunities.
25. Larsen & Toubro (L&T) has successfully launched the second multi-purpose vessel (MPV) for the Indian Navy, named INS Utkarsh. The launch took place at the Kattupalli Shipyard near Chennai. This event marks India’s advancements in indigenous shipbuilding as part of the Aatmanirbhar Bharat mission.
26. The Army Day Parade, event in India’s military calendar, will take place in Pune for the first time on 15th January 2025. This parade commemorates the appointment of Field Marshal K. M. Cariappa as the first Indian Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army. The event, which traditionally occurs in Delhi, has been rotating to different cities since 2023, enhancing local engagement with the Armed Forces.
27. In January 2025, the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) officially disbanded the Parliament Duty Group (PDG) of the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) and merged it with the VIP Security Group (VSG). This transition follows the withdrawal of the PDG from Parliament security duties in May 2024.
28. Recently, the Indian Ministry of Defence signed contract worth Rs. 2,960 crore with Bharat Dynamics Limited for the supply of Medium-Range Surface-to-Air Missiles (MRSAM) to the Navy. This agreement marks India’s commitment to defence self-reliance under the ‘Aatmanirbhar Bharat’ initiative, aiming to boost domestic manufacturing and create substantial employment opportunities.
29. The 1965 India-Pakistan War remains conflict in South Asian history. Recently, Defence Minister Rajnath Singh brought into light that strategic advantages gained during the war were not fully exploited in negotiations, contributing to ongoing infiltration issues. This page explores the war’s context, key events, and the strategic importance of Haji Pir.
30. Recently, nine Indo-Pacific nations participated in the La Perouse naval exercise, hosted by France. This exercise took place in the strategic straits of Malacca, Sunda, and Lombok, crucial for maritime trade between the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The Indian Navy contributed with its guided-missile destroyer INS Mumbai.
31. In move towards modernising its military, Armenia has selected India’s Trajan 155 mm towed artillery gun system. This decision marks Armenia’s strategic pivot towards India for advanced defence technologies amidst evolving regional security challenges. The partnership signifies the deepening defence ties between India and Armenia, showcasing India’s growing influence in the global arms market.
32. The Pinaka Multi-Barrel Rocket Launcher (MBRL) is advancement in India’s artillery capabilities. Developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), it was designed to replace older Soviet-era systems. As of January 2025, the Pinaka has gained international recognition, with countries like Armenia and France expressing interest in its acquisition.
33. The Kerala Warnings, Crisis and Hazard Management System (KaWaCHaM) is set to be launched by Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan. This initiative aims to enhance disaster preparedness and response in Kerala, utilising advanced technology for timely alerts regarding extreme weather events.
34. In early January 2025, the Advanced Light Helicopter (ALH) fleet was grounded following a tragic crash that resulted in the loss of three lives from the Indian Coast Guard. Defence Secretary Rajesh Kumar Singh confirmed that the ALH will not participate in the upcoming Republic Day flypast, although 39 other aircraft are expected to take part.
35. India’s first tactical quasi-ballistic missile, Pralay, is set to be showcased at the Republic Day parade on 26th January 2025. Despite completing trials in 2022, its formal induction into the armed forces remains uncertain. The missile is part of the Indian Army’s strategy to enhance its battlefield capabilities.
36. Recent developments in scramjet technology have marked milestone in India’s defence capabilities. The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) conducted a successful ground test of a scramjet combustor, showcasing its potential for use in hypersonic missiles.
37. The T-72 Bridge Laying Tank (BLT) is asset for the Indian Army, enhancing its operational capabilities. Recently, the Ministry of Defence signed a contract for the procurement of 47 units, emphasising India’s focus on self-reliance in defence manufacturing. This acquisition is part of the Make-in-India initiative, aimed at boosting the economy and creating jobs.
38. The Indian Army has recently inaugurated two bailey bridges over the Shyok River in Ladakh. This development enhances connectivity between the Shyok and Nubra valleys. The inauguration took place near Shatse Taknak in the Diskit sub-division of Leh, under the supervision of Brigadier V. S. Salaria.
39. The Uttar Pradesh government has revealed a comprehensive Aerospace and Defence Unit policy aimed at attracting investments and creating employment opportunities. It aims to draw investments and generate jobs over the next five years. This initiative is part of a broader strategy to position Uttar Pradesh as a very important hub in the aerospace and defence sector.
40. India has recently joined the Eurodrone program as an observer nation. This inclusion marks India as the second Asia-Pacific country to gain such status, following Japan.
41. The Indian Navy’s INS Sarvekshak has successfully concluded a major hydrographic survey in Mauritius. This survey covered over 25,000 square nautical miles. The formal handover of the survey results took place on 23rd January 2025. High Commissioner of India to Mauritius, Anurag Srivastava, presented the fair sheet and nautical charts to President Dharambeer Gokhool.
42. The SANJAY system was recently launched by Defence Minister Rajnath Singh on 24th January 2025. This Battlefield Surveillance System (BSS) is designed to enhance the operational capabilities of the Indian Army. It integrates ground and aerial battlefield sensors to create a comprehensive surveillance picture. This innovation marks advancement in military technology.
43. India has a long-standing commitment to United Nations peacekeeping missions. This commitment is brought into light by recent events in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Following the tragic deaths of peacekeepers, UN officials expressed gratitude for India’s contributions. India has deployed number of troops and police personnel to various missions, showcasing its dedication to global peace.
44. The collision of the Russian nuclear-powered icebreaker, 50 Let Pobedy, with a cargo vessel in the Kara Sea on 26th January 2025, has raised concerns about safety and navigation in the Arctic region. The impact caused damage to the icebreaker but did not compromise its seaworthiness or safety systems.
Monthly Current Affairs – January 2025
Business, Economy & Banking
1. As of 1st January 2025, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has implemented regulation requiring lenders to update credit bureau records every 15 days. This change aims to enhance the accuracy and timeliness of credit score calculations, reflecting borrowers’ financial activities more promptly.
2. The Government of India has established a committee to update the base year for the Wholesale Price Index (WPI), aiming to enhance the accuracy of factory-gate inflation measures. This initiative reflects structural changes in the economy since the last update in 2011-12.
3. Drug-resistant infections present challenge to healthcare systems. A recent study by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) reveals that these infections not only prolong hospital stays but also increase treatment costs by an average of 33.1%. This research marks the economic burden faced by families and the healthcare system in India, particularly in both government and private hospitals.
4. The Competition Commission of India (CCI) has made strides in regulatory efficiency, particularly in the realm of mergers and acquisitions (M&A). The Annual Report for FY 2023-24 revealed that the average clearance time for mergers is now just 16 days. This marks a notable improvement from previous years and reflects CCI’s dedication to maintaining a competitive market while ensuring fair practices.
5. In December 2024, the Indian rupee reached a record low of 85.81 against the U.S. dollar. This decline marked a 3% depreciation over the year, continuing a long-term trend. Various factors contribute to currency depreciation, primarily involving supply and demand dynamics in the foreign exchange market.
6. In January 2025, New York City became the first city in the United States to implement congestion pricing. This initiative aims to alleviate traffic congestion in densely populated areas. Drivers entering Manhattan’s central business district will incur a fee of $9 during peak hours.
7. The Government of India has recently decided to update the base year for calculating Gross Domestic Product (GDP) from 2011-12 to 2022-23. This change aims to provide a more accurate representation of the current economic landscape and enhance policy formulation.
8. Recent analysis reveals changes in income inequality in India, particularly following the challenges posed by the Covid-19 pandemic. A working paper from the People Research on India’s Consumer Economy (PRICE) indicates that while there has been a slight recovery in income distribution, substantial wealth concentration persists among the highest earners.
9. In January 2025, developments were announced for Kandla Port, aiming to enhance its capacity and operational capabilities. This initiative aligns with Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s vision of ‘Make in India, Make for the World’, focusing on boosting domestic manufacturing and global trade.
10. India’s Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth is projected to reach a four-year low of 6.4% for the financial year 2024-25. This estimate, released by the National Statistics Office (NSO), reflects challenges in industrial and investment sectors. The prediction falls short of the Reserve Bank of India’s growth estimate of 6.6% and the government’s range of 6.5 – 7% as outlined in the Economic Survey 2023-24.
11. Recent developments in India’s trade data management have brought into light changes in the way import and export statistics are compiled. The shift from the SEZ Online System to ICEGATE (Indian Customs Electronic Gateway) has raised concerns about data accuracy, particularly regarding double counting.
12. The recent abolition of the angel tax in India has sparked a wave of optimism among startups. Many companies are relocating their headquarters back to India, encouraged by government initiatives aimed at improving the ease of doing business. The decision, part of the FY25 Budget, has been instrumental in reversing the trend of startups registering abroad for better tax advantages.
13. The Indian economy is projected to grow by 6.6% in 2025, according to the United Nation’s World Economic Situation and Prospects report. This growth is supported by strong private consumption and investment. The report maintains its previous growth forecast, reflecting confidence in India’s economic resilience.
14. India’s higher education system faces challenge. A recent report indicates that 80% of graduates are unfit for industry roles. With around 50 million graduates entering the job market annually, this statistic raises concerns about the education system’s quality and relevance.
15. The Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) has revealed a 10-point agenda aimed at enhancing the Ease of Doing Business (EoDB) in India ahead of the 2025-26 Budget. This initiative puts stress on the need for transparency, speed, and a reduction in compliance burdens across various regulatory frameworks.
16. Recently, changes to the Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA) were implemented to facilitate cross-border transactions in Indian rupees (INR) and other foreign currencies. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI), in collaboration with the government, introduced these amendments amid increasing pressure on the rupee, driven by global economic factors.
17. In move to manage liquidity, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has announced daily variable rate repo (VRR) auctions. This decision comes amid a liquidity deficit exceeding ₹2 trillion in the banking system. The auctions aim to alleviate the tight liquidity conditions, particularly with upcoming goods and services tax (GST) outflows.
18. Recently, India has been recognised as the second most prepared job market globally, following the United States, according to the QS World Future Skills Index. This inaugural index evaluates countries based on their readiness for future job demands, particularly in key sectors such as Artificial Intelligence, digital, and green industries.
19. Recently, the Government of India announced revival package for Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Ltd (RINL), a state-owned steel manufacturer facing severe financial difficulties. The Rs. 11,440 crore package aims to restore the company’s operations and safeguard thousands of jobs amid political pressure and economic challenges.
20. Recently, the Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER) of the Indian rupee decreased to 107.20 from a peak of 108.14 in November. This change reflects the rupee’s ongoing volatility amidst global economic shifts, including foreign portfolio investor outflows and fluctuating US Treasury yields.
21. Recent estimates indicate a real GDP growth of 6.4% for India in the fiscal year 2024-25, falling short of earlier predictions. This slowdown has raised concerns about the government’s capital expenditure and its impact on future economic performance. The projections for the upcoming fiscal year suggest a reliance on domestic demand and increased government investment to stimulate growth.
22. India is poised to remain the fastest-growing major economy, with a projected growth rate of 6.7% for fiscal years 2026 and 2027. This growth outstrips the global average of 2.7% and reflects the country’s robust services sector and revitalised manufacturing base.
23. Recent developments have seen European banks reassessing their membership in the Net Zero Banking Alliance (NZBA). This follows a wave of withdrawals by major US banks, leading to concerns over climate collaboration and potential legal ramifications. Executives are now contemplating their positions in light of these challenges.
24. Recently, shortly after taking office, US President Donald Trump issued an executive order withdrawing the United States from the OECD’s global tax deal. This agreement, designed to combat tax avoidance by multinational corporations, has been put on hold.
25. India’s digital economy has been experiencing rapid growth, contributing to the national income and employment landscape. The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) has released a very important report titled “Estimation and Measurement of India’s Digital Economy,” aiming to quantify this sector’s impact.
26. India is making strides in the semiconductor and electronics manufacturing sectors as it prepares for the Union Budget 2025-26. The Union Finance Ministry has brought into light the government’s successful policies aimed at boosting investments and job creation through the semiconductor programme and the Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme.
27. The Government of India is focusing on enhancing manufacturing capabilities in Tier 2 and 3 cities. This initiative aims to boost the country’s economic growth by increasing the contribution of manufacturing to the Gross Value Added. The Commerce Ministry has mandated states and Union Territories (UTs) to develop a ‘City Level Economic Vision’ for 100 selected cities by June 2026.
28. The Securities and Exchange Board of India (Sebi) is set to launch a “when-listed” trading platform. This initiative aims to regulate the trading of shares between the allotment phase of an initial public offering (IPO) and their official listing on stock exchanges. This move is designed to tackle the prevalent grey market activities associated with unlisted shares.
29. Global foreign direct investment (FDI) experienced a notable decline of eight per cent in 2024, according to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). This reduction poses risks to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which heavily depend on international project finance.
30. The World Economic Forum recently released the Navigating Global Financial System Fragmentation report. It revealed that geo-economic fragmentation could drastically diminish global GDP. This potential impact is set to eclipse the economic fallout from both the 2008 financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic.
31. The Unified Lending Interface (ULI) was launched by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to streamline the lending process. Since its pilot inception in August 2023, ULI has facilitated the disbursement of Rs. 38,000 crore across 7.5 lakh loans. This platform aims to revolutionise credit delivery by connecting lenders with diverse data sources through a single interface.
32. The Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs (CBIC) has recently implemented changes to the Goods and Services Tax (GST) framework in India. These changes include the introduction of a Temporary Identification Number (TIN) for businesses that do not require mandatory registration. This move aims to streamline tax compliance and facilitate payments under the GST regime.
33. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) reported rise in customer complaints under its Integrated Ombudsman Scheme for the fiscal year ending March 2024. The total complaints surged by 32.81%, reaching 9,34,355. This increase indicates a decline in customer service standards across the banking sector. The rise in complaints marks the need for immediate improvements in service delivery.
34. The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) has been mechanism for resolving distressed debts in India. However, recent trends indicate a decline in its effectiveness. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) reported a drop in case admissions to the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT), reaching a six-year low in 2023-24. Recovery rates for banks through the IBC have also decreased.
35. India’s foreign exchange (forex) reserves have experienced fluctuations in recent weeks. As of 17th January 2025, the reserves stood at $623.983 billion, a decrease of $1.88 billion from the previous week. This decline follows a larger drop of $8.714 billion recorded in the week ending 10th January. RBI attributes these changes to market interventions aimed at stabilising the Indian rupee and adjustments in asset valuations.
36. Recently, Punjab National Bank (PNB) made headlines by becoming the first Indian bank to implement Clari5’s National Cybercrime Reporting Portal (NCRP) Integration Solution. This integration represents advancement in the management of cybercrime complaints within the banking sector.
37. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has recently intensified its efforts to enhance liquidity in the banking system. This initiative comes in response to liquidity deficit, which has been exacerbated by tax outflows and constrained government spending. The central bank’s measures aim to inject approximately Rs. 1.5 lakh crore into the banking sector, beginning on 30th January and concluding on 20th February 2025.
38. The United Payments Interface (UPI) has fundamentally transformed India’s digital payment landscape. By the end of 2024, UPI accounted for 83% of the total payment volume in India. This is increase from 34% in 2019.
39. Recently, CRED became the first fintech company to launch a beta version of its e-rupee wallet, enabling transactions using India’s central bank digital currency (CBDC). This initiative follows the Reserve Bank of India’s (RBI) proposal to broaden access to CBDC-Retail, allowing non-bank payment system operators to facilitate digital currency transactions.
40. India and Oman are advancing their economic collaboration by expediting discussions for a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA). This development comes as the two nations aim to strengthen trade relations.
41. The Annual Survey of Unincorporated Sector Enterprises (ASUSE) for 2023-24 reveals growth in India’s unincorporated non-agricultural sector. Released by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) on 24th December 2024, the survey emphasises the sector’s crucial role in employment and GDP contribution.
42. The Household Consumption Expenditure Survey (HCES) for 2023-24 reveals critical vital information about India’s economic landscape. The survey indicates shifts in spending patterns across rural and urban areas. These changes reflect broader economic transformations and evolving societal priorities.
43. The India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEEC) is gaining momentum with recent initiatives by RITES. This project aims to enhance trade and connectivity between India and the Middle East, and further into Europe. RITES is now focusing on creating a digital interface to facilitate cargo clearance between Indian and Middle Eastern ports.
44. The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) recently introduced guidelines aimed at enhancing the evaluation of statutory committees within Market Infrastructure Institutions (MIIs). This decision comes in response to the need for improved transparency and accountability in the functioning of these crucial entities.
45. Card tokenisation has rapidly transformed the digital payment landscape in India. As of December 2024, over 91 crore tokens have been issued, facilitating more than 320 crore transactions valued at nearly Rs. 11 lakh crore. This growth puts stress on the shift towards enhanced security in e-commerce, with 98% of online transactions now processed without actual card data.
46. The Union Budget of India is presented annually, specifically on 1st February since 2017. This date allows the government to make necessary financial adjustments before the fiscal year begins in April. Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman will outline India’s financial trajectory for the upcoming year.
47. Recent trends indicate that meeting Budget Estimates (BE) for Corporate Tax (CT) and Union Excise Duty will be challenging. The Union Budget for Fiscal Year 2025-26 is set to be presented on 1st February, and revised figures for these levies will be disclosed. The Income Tax Department has reported an actual growth rate in net Corporate Tax of approximately 8.6%, which falls short of the targeted growth rate of 10.5%.
48. On 1st April 2025, India will implement the Diamond Imprest Authorization (DIA) Scheme. The scheme is a strategic response to global beneficiation policies that require diamond manufacturers to establish local processing facilities. It will take effect from 1st April 2025.
Science & Technology
1. ISRO concluded 2024 with the successful launch of its 99th mission, PSLV-C60. This mission included two experimental projects, SpaDex and POEM-4. As these experiments progress into 2025, ISRO has announced that its first mission of the year will mark milestone – the 100th mission.
2. Scientists have initiated a groundbreaking project to detect high-energy neutrinos, often referred to as ghost particles, beneath the Mediterranean Sea. This initiative involves two telescopes as part of the Cubic Kilometre Neutrino Telescope (KM3NeT). One telescope focuses on neutrinos originating from space, while the other examines atmospheric neutrinos.
3. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is set to make history by launching an American communications satellite. This is the first time an American company is using an Indian rocket for such a large and advanced satellite. The mission is expected to occur in February or March 2025.
4. Ebola virus disease (EVD) remains a critical public health concern, particularly in regions of East-Central and West Africa. Recent research has revealed new vital information about how the Ebola virus (EBOV) can potentially spread through the skin, denoting the importance of understanding this transmission route.
5. Recent advancements in cancer treatment have emerged from researchers at the Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati (IIT-G) and the Bose Institute, Kolkata. They have developed an innovative injectable hydrogel that offers localised treatment for cancer, particularly breast cancer.
6. Manastu Space, a space tech start-up founded by IIT Bombay alumni, made headlines by successfully test-firing its Green Propulsion System, VYOM 2U, onboard the PSLV-C60. This event occurred on 31st December 2024, at 8:50 p.m. in Lucknow. The system represents a non-toxic, environmentally friendly alternative to traditional chemical propulsion methods.
7. Recent studies have brought into light the potential of nano-formulated melatonin as a promising therapeutic approach for Parkinson’s disease (PD). PD is a prevalent neurological disorder characterised by the degeneration of dopamine-secreting neurons in the brain.
8. China’s disease control authority recently announced a pilot monitoring system aimed at tracking pneumonia of unknown origin. This initiative comes in response to an expected rise in respiratory infections during the winter months. The country has already observed an increase in overall infections, particularly in northern provinces, with human metapneumovirus (HMPV) emerging as a notable pathogen among younger populations.
9. NASA has recently introduced the Mars Chopper, a new drone designed to succeed the Ingenuity helicopter. Ingenuity operated on Mars for nearly three years, far exceeding its initial mission parameters. The Mars Chopper represents advancement in aerial exploration capabilities on the Red Planet.
10. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has made strides in space exploration with two recent experiments. On 4th January 2025, ISRO announced the successful sprouting of cowpea seeds in space, marking a major milestone in agricultural research beyond Earth.
11. Recent research has revealed a promising approach to combat malaria by targeting the lipid transport in Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. The study, published in PLOS Biology, marks the critical role of lipophorin in the development of Plasmodium falciparum, the malaria parasite.
12. Recent developments have brought into light the shifting dynamics of international scientific collaboration. On 13th December 2024, the United States and China signed a new bilateral science and technology agreement. This agreement, described as a renewal of a 45-year-old pact, narrows the scope of permitted joint research.
13. Recent advancements in genetic research have opened new avenues for understanding ancient human populations. The analysis of ancient DNA (aDNA) from burial sites, mass graves, and war graves provides essential vital information about population dynamics and migrations.
14. The Indian Institute of Technology-Madras (IIT-M) has recently inaugurated Asia’s largest shallow wave basin research facility. This development is located at the Discovery satellite campus in Thaiyur, approximately 36 km from the main IIT-M campus.
15. In January 2025, a Louisiana resident became the first person in the United States to die from the H5N1 bird flu virus. The individual, aged 65, had underlying health conditions and had been hospitalised since mid-December. Health authorities confirmed that the general public’s risk remains low, despite this tragic incident.
16. Recent advancements in genetic engineering have opened new avenues for pest control. Australian scientists have proposed a novel method to combat tropical diseases caused by mosquitoes. This method involves genetically modifying male mosquitoes to produce toxic semen that kills female mosquitoes after mating.
17. The NISAR mission, a collaborative effort between NASA and ISRO, aims to revolutionise Earth observation. To be launched in March 2025 from ISRO’s Satish Dhawan Space Centre, this dual-band radar satellite will monitor Earth’s land and ice surfaces with remarkable precision.
18. Recent research in Kerala has revealed two rare species belonging to the Order Neuroptera. The Shadpada Entomology Research Lab (SERL) at Christ College has documented these findings, which include Glenochrysa zeylanica and Indophanes barbara. The rediscovery of Glenochrysa zeylanica marks its first report in India after being thought endemic to Sri Lanka for over a century.
19. Recent advancements in quantum computing have positioned the technology at the forefront of scientific innovation. As the United Nations has proclaimed 2025 as the International Year of Quantum Science and Technology, the global race to develop full-scale quantum computers intensifies.
20. India has made leap towards self-reliance in genomics. At the Genome India Data Conclave in New Delhi, Union Minister Dr. Jitendra Singh announced that India now possesses its own genomic data. This achievement marks a very important moment for the nation, as it reduces reliance on foreign genomic data.
21. Recent research from the Max Planck Institute of Biological Intelligence and Technical University, Munich, has revealed findings regarding androgen receptors in birds. Traditionally, androgens such as testosterone have been associated primarily with male sexual development.
22. Recent advancements in astrophysics have led to a groundbreaking discovery involving the identification of 44 previously unknown stars within a distant galaxy cluster. This research, conducted by the Centre for Frontier Science at Chiba University, Japan, and supported by over 45 international partners, utilised the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and a technique known as gravitational lensing.
23. The launch of LingoSat marks milestone in space exploration. This unique wooden satellite is the first of its kind to be sent into Earth’s orbit. Built as a collaborative effort between Kyoto University and Sumitomo Forestry in Japan, LingoSat aims to assess the viability of wood as a material for satellites.
24. Recent developments in nanoscale light control have emerged from the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) in Bangalore. Researchers have made strides in integrating two-dimensional (2D) semiconductor colloidal quantum wells (CQWs) with dielectric metasurface resonators (MSRs).
25. Ebola virus remains threat to global health, with a high fatality rate of approximately 50%. Recent advancements at the University of Minnesota and the Midwest Antiviral Drug Discovery (AViDD) Center have led to the development of novel nanobody-based inhibitors targeting this deadly pathogen.
26. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is set to achieve milestone in space exploration. Over the next few days, ISRO will attempt to dock two small satellites in orbit, marking India’s first foray into this complex operation. If successful, India will join the ranks of the United States, Russia, and China, becoming the fourth nation to possess docking capabilities.
27. Russia has made advancements in nuclear energy with the introduction of floating nuclear power plants (FNPPs). The Akademik Lomonosov, operational since 2019 in Pevek, represents a shift in energy production. This innovation aims to meet energy demands in remote areas, including potential markets like India.
28. India’s membership in the UN Committee of Experts on Big Data and Data Science for Official Statistics (UN-CEBD) marks milestone in the nation’s statistical landscape. This development reflects India’s commitment to utilising data and technology for informed decision-making.
29. The Nengchu-1 project in Yingcheng, Hubei Province, has marked advancement in China’s energy storage capabilities. This facility is the world’s first 300-megawatt compressed air energy storage (CAES) demonstration project. The project has set three world records and demonstrates China’s leadership in CAES technology, which addresses the challenges of clean energy intermittency.
30. The Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT) has recently partnered with the Indian Institute of Technology Mandi (IIT Mandi) and IIT Jammu. This collaboration aims to develop a Wideband Spectrum-Sensor ASIC-Chip to enhance spectrum utilisation.
31. Mission Mausam was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 14th January 2025. This initiative marks the 150th anniversary of the India Meteorological Department (IMD), which was established in 1875. The mission aims to enhance India’s weather forecasting and climate resilience capabilities.
32. The India Meteorological Department (IMD) recently celebrated its 150th foundation day. Prime Minister Narendra Modi revealed the Vision-2047 document, outlining ambitious goals for weather forecasting and disaster management. The IMD aims for 100% accuracy in weather forecasts for three days and 90% for five days.
33. Recent research has brought into light the potential of retinal vascular analysis as a non-invasive method for assessing stroke risk. This study, involving over 68,000 fundus images, identified 29 indicators of retinal health. It reported nearly 750 strokes over a follow-up period of 12.5 years.
34. Recent advancements in space agriculture have emerged as critical for long-duration human missions to celestial bodies. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) successfully germinated black-eyed pea seeds in space as part of its Compact Research Module for Orbital Plant Studies (CROPS).
35. Recently, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) successfully completed its first satellite docking manoeuvre, milestone in India’s space exploration efforts. This makes India the fourth country after the US, Russia, and China to achieve this capability.
36. The Government of India has approved the establishment of a Third Launch Pad (TLP) at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh. This initiative aims to enhance India’s space capabilities, particularly for future human spaceflight missions. The TLP will support the Next Generation Launch Vehicles (NGLV) and act as a backup for the existing Second Launch Pad.
37. Recent studies have shed light on Huntington’s disease, a genetic disorder leading to the degeneration of brain cells. Despite the known genetic mutation, its delayed onset remains puzzling. New research indicates that the mutation, initially harmless, becomes harmful over time, ultimately causing neurological damage.
38. Recently, the Maharashtra government announced the formation of a 16-member committee to draft the state’s first Artificial Intelligence (AI) policy. This initiative aims to position Maharashtra as the first state in India with a dedicated AI policy.
39. Recent breakthroughs in Alzheimer’s disease research offer new hope for effective treatments. A team led by Professor Anirban Bhunia at the Bose Institute has explored innovative approaches to combat neurodegenerative disorders, particularly focusing on amyloid proteins, which are central to Alzheimer’s pathology.
40. In early 2025, Prime Minister Narendra Modi brought into light the achievement of Bengaluru-based startup Pixxel, which launched India’s first private Earth imaging satellite constellation, named ‘Firefly’. This milestone marks a very important moment in India’s space sector, showcasing advancements in satellite technology and imaging capabilities.
41. In early 2025, a study revealed mutations in the H5N1 avian influenza strain isolated from a human in Texas. This discovery raised alarms about the potential for the virus to evolve and pose a greater threat to human health. The research brought into light the strain’s unique genetic changes compared to those found in cattle, indicating a worrying trend in the virus’s adaptability.
42. On 14th January 2025, Indian space startup Digantara achieved milestone with the successful launch of its Space Camera for Object Tracking (SCOT) mission. This marks an important step in enhancing space situational awareness and tracking capabilities in Low Earth Orbit (LEO).
43. Recently, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) achieved milestones with its Vikas liquid engine. The successful demonstration of engine restart capabilities marks a critical step towards enhancing the reusability of launch vehicles. This progress aligns with ISRO’s commitment to advancing space technology and commercial operations.
44. In recent years, the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) has intensified efforts to combat spam in telecommunications. With the integration of distributed ledger technology (DLT), TRAI aims to enhance the traceability of commercial messages.
45. The Ingenuity helicopter, a pioneering rotorcraft on Mars, concluded its mission with a final flight on 18th January 2024. This flight marked the end of a remarkable journey that showcased controlled flight on another planet. Despite its unexpected demise, Ingenuity continues to provide valuable data for future Mars explorations.
46. Recent research by the Zoological Survey of India has revealed 23 species of blood-sucking flies, known as Culicoides, in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. This study marks the first comprehensive survey of these insects in the region, with 13 species identified for the first time in India.
47. Recent studies have brought into light discrepancies in cardiovascular risk assessment for individuals with HIV. Research from Massachusetts General Hospital indicates that existing risk models often miscalculate cardiovascular events, particularly among women and African descent individuals in high-income countries, while overestimating risks in low and middle-income countries.
48. Recently, India witnessed the launch of Qartemi, the country’s first internationally licensed CAR-T cell therapy for adult B-cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (B-NHL). This groundbreaking therapy offers new hope for patients suffering from aggressive blood cancers.
49. Antimicrobial resistance is a rising global health crisis, with millions of deaths attributed to resistant infections annually. Researchers are exploring innovative solutions, including the use of oyster-derived antimicrobial proteins, which show promise in enhancing the effectiveness of existing antibiotics and combating resistant bacterial strains.
50. Recently, President Donald Trump unveiled Project Stargate, an initiative aimed at establishing a robust artificial intelligence (AI) infrastructure in the United States. Backed by a $500 billion investment, it is designed to enhance the country’s global leadership in AI technology and create over 1,00,000 jobs.
51. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is advancing its Gaganyaan project, which aims to establish human spaceflight capabilities. As of 22nd January 2025, the Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC) has successfully integrated the Crew Module’s liquid propulsion system and dispatched it for the first uncrewed mission, Gaganyaan (G1).
52. Recently, the Government of India initiated the bidding process for the procurement of 10,000 graphics processing units (GPUs) under the IndiaAI Mission. This mission, approved by the Cabinet in March 2024, has a budget of Rs. 10,372 crore over five years, aimed at boosting artificial intelligence development in the country.
53. Stargardt disease is a rare genetic eye condition causing progressive vision loss, primarily affecting children and young adults. Recent developments in gene therapy offer hope for effective treatments. Researchers from the Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology in Basel, Switzerland, in collaboration with Beam Therapeutics, have made strides in this area.
54. An international team used NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and Chandra X-ray Observatory to discover a unique black hole, LID-568. LID-568 is feeding on matter at a rate 40 times higher than what scientists believed was possible.
55. Recently, India announced the launch of its first human underwater submersible by the end of 2025. This initiative aims to enhance the blue economy and is aligned with the country’s broader goals in space exploration, particularly the Gaganyaan mission.
56. China has recently made strides in nuclear fusion research. The Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) sustained plasma for 1,000 seconds. This surpasses the previous record of 403 seconds set in 2023. This achievement is vital for the future of fusion energy, paving the way for potential continuous power generation.
57. Recent archaeological findings have reshaped our understanding of the Iron Age in India. A new study indicates that iron technology in Tamil Nadu dates back to the early 4th millennium BCE. This discovery challenges previous beliefs that placed the onset of the Iron Age in India between 1500 and 2000 BCE.
58. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is set to mark milestone with its 100th launch. Scheduled for 29th January 2025, the GSLV-F15 mission will deploy the NVS-02 satellite from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre. This mission enhances India’s Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC), an independent regional navigation satellite system.
59. The health of tea plantation workers in Assam has come under scrutiny due to a recent study denoting risk of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA). This life-threatening fungal infection primarily affects tuberculosis (TB) survivors. The research was conducted by a team from Assam Medical College and Hospital, revealing alarming prevalence rates among tea workers.
60. Recently, researchers at IIT Madras have successfully extracted silicon carbide from simulated moon soil. This achievement has implications for constructing habitats on the moon. Silicon carbide also has high thermal conductivity, strength at elevated temperatures, and low thermal expansion.
61. Recent health guidelines from the World Health Organisation (WHO) suggest that switching from traditional table salt to potassium-based salts, known as K-salts, could aid in managing blood pressure and reducing heart disease risks. This recommendation is particularly relevant in countries like India, where hypertension is public health concern.
62. The International AI Safety report, released in 2025, outlines critical challenges associated with rapidly evolving artificial intelligence technologies. This comprehensive document addresses various threats, including job displacement, environmental impact, and security risks.
63. On 29th January 2025, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) marked milestone by successfully completing its 100th launch from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota. The mission involved the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV-F15), which carried the NVS-02 satellite into orbit.
64. Recent studies have brought into light changes in the Earth’s magnetic north pole. This shift has deep effects on the behaviour of charged particles in the Earth’s magnetosphere. About these changes is crucial for predicting space weather and safeguarding satellite systems.
65. OpenAI has recently introduced ChatGPT Gov, a tailored version of its AI model designed specifically for U.S. government agencies. This initiative aims to enhance the efficiency of public services while ensuring compliance with stringent security standards. By providing access to advanced AI tools, OpenAI seeks to empower policymakers to improve government operations.
66. The World Health Organization (WHO) recently announced that Guinea has successfully eliminated the gambiense form of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), commonly known as sleeping sickness. This milestone was declared on 29th January 2025, ahead of Neglected Tropical Diseases Day observed on 30th January.
67. The asteroid Bennu has recently provided astronomers with vital information about the origins of life on Earth. The samples returned by NASA’s OSIRIS-REx mission have revealed a variety of organic molecules and minerals. These findings are crucial for understanding the building blocks of life and the conditions present in the early solar system.
68. Recent advancements in astrophysics have led to the development of a novel method for analysing Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs). This method allows scientists to determine the instantaneous expansion speed and radial size of CMEs using single-point observations from spacecraft. CMEs are phenomena that can cause geomagnetic storms impacting Earth’s technology.
Government Schemes
1. The Government of India has implemented a new rule regarding the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-Kisan) scheme. As of 1st January 2025, new applicants must now obtain a farmer ID to register for this welfare programme. This initiative aims to streamline the application process and ensure that only eligible farmers receive benefits.
2. The Optional Practical Training (OPT) programme has become a focal point of discussion among supporters of US President-elect Donald Trump’s ‘Make America Great Again’ (MAGA) initiative. This programme serves as a critical pathway for international students seeking to secure an H-1B visa.
3. The Rural Development Ministry of India has set ambitious goals for the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana-Gramin (PMAY-G) in 2024-25. This is part of a broader strategy to alleviate poverty in rural areas. The ministry plans to establish monthly targets to ensure timely implementation of housing schemes.
4. India’s commitment to enhancing its research and development capabilities has taken step forward with the introduction of the One Nation One Subscription (ONOS) initiative. Announced on 25th November 2024, this scheme aims to democratise access to scholarly knowledge across the nation’s higher education institutions and research centres.
5. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has introduced guidelines for lenders regarding their involvement in the Government Debt Relief Scheme (DRS). This initiative aims to assist borrowers, particularly farmers, during crises such as natural disasters. State governments have announced various DRS to provide relief, especially in the lead-up to elections.
6. Recent changes in Canada’s immigration policies have impacted international students, particularly those from India. The expiration of Post-Graduate Work Permits (PGWPs) for over 7,66,000 students by the end of next year has raised concerns about their ability to secure Permanent Residency (PR).
7. The Telangana Cabinet sub-committee has approved the extension of the Rythu Bharosa farmer’s investment subsidy scheme. This decision aims to benefit all farmers with cultivated lands. The scheme, a promise made by the Congress party, will credit Rs. 7,500 per acre for each crop season to approximately 70 lakh farmers in the state.
8. Nitin Gadkari, the Union Minister for Road Transport and Highways, announced investment plan to improve Delhi’s transport network. The government will allocate Rs. 12,500 crore, along with an additional Rs. 1,200 crore from the CRIF fund.
9. The Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO) has successfully rolled out its Centralised Pension Payments System (CPPS) across India. This initiative benefits over 68 lakh pensioners and modernises the pension disbursement process. The CPPS allows pensioners to withdraw their pensions from any bank branch, ensuring seamless and efficient service.
10. The Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) has recently amended the Foreign Trade Policy (FTP) 2023. This amendment introduces new provisions aimed at enhancing stakeholder engagement in the formulation and amendment of trade policies.
11. Maharashtra is currently scrutinising beneficiaries of the Ladki Bahin scheme. This initiative, launched in June 2024, aimed to support women from economically weaker sections by providing monthly financial assistance. The government is now ensuring that only eligible women, specifically those with an annual family income below Rs. 2.5 lakh, receive these funds.
12. The Government of India recently launched a revamped e-auction portal named ‘Baanknet’. This portal serves as a comprehensive platform for buyers and investors interested in properties auctioned by public sector banks (PSBs). The initiative aims to streamline the auction process and enhance transparency in the real estate market.
13. The Mira Bhayandar Municipal Corporation (MBMC) has launched an initiative called ‘Faral Sakhi’ to empower women entrepreneurs. This programme focuses on women involved in traditional snack production, specifically festive snacks known as ‘Faral’. The initiative aims to provide training and resources to help these women scale their businesses sustainably.
14. The Union government is launching a new round of the Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme for the steel sector. This initiative aims to enhance domestic production of specialty steel and reduce import reliance. The announcement was made by the Union Ministry of Steel, with the launch scheduled for 6th January 2025.
15. Recently, Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated development projects in Delhi, amounting to over Rs. 12,200 crore. These initiatives aim to enhance connectivity and improve transportation for millions. Key projects include the Delhi-Ghaziabad-Meerut Namo Bharat corridor and the Janakpuri-Krishna Park section of Delhi Metro Phase-IV.
16. The Indian Mines Ministry plans to establish a new fund to enhance exploration and investment in critical and strategic minerals. This initiative aligns with the National Critical Minerals Mission and aims to secure resources essential for various industries.
17. The Government of India is set to unveil a new Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme aimed at encouraging a self-sustaining drone ecosystem. This initiative is expected to feature an allocation of over Rs. 500 crore in the upcoming Budget. The scheme will succeed an earlier version that provided Rs. 120 crore for domestic drone manufacturing from 2021 to 2022.
18. The Shahid Madho Singh Haath Kharcha Scheme was inaugurated by Chief Minister Mohan Charan Majhi at the Adivasi Mela in Bhubaneswar. This initiative aims to reduce the dropout rate among Scheduled Tribe (ST) students in Odisha. The scheme provides a one-time incentive of Rs. 5,000 for ST students enrolling in Class IX and Class XI.
19. The Indian civil aviation sector is poised for expansion with the anticipated introduction of the UDAN (Ude Desh ka Aam Naagrik) 2.0 scheme. Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman is expected to allocate funds for this initiative in the upcoming Union Budget.
20. The UJALA scheme, launched on 5th January 2015, has transformed India’s approach to energy efficiency. This initiative, initially known as the Domestic Efficient Lighting Programme, aimed to make affordable LED lighting accessible to millions of households. As of January 2025, over 36 crore LED bulbs have been distributed, marking milestone in energy conservation and economic savings for Indian families.
21. In January 2025, Jharkhand’s Chief Minister Hemant Soren initiated a substantial financial transfer under the Maiya Samman Yojana. This programme aimed to empower women by providing direct cash transfers. The ruling Jharkhand Mukti Morcha (JMM), part of the INDIA bloc.
22. The Uttar Pradesh government has recently made announcement regarding the ‘Har Ghar Nal’ scheme under the Jal Jeevan Mission. The state has waived the 10% community contribution requirement, allowing the government to cover these costs. This decision will directly benefit approximately 2.33 crore families, making clean drinking water more accessible to rural populations.
23. The Government of India has made strides in improving access to welfare schemes for unorganised workers. Recently, Union Minister Mansukh Mandaviya launched a multilingual feature on the e-Shram portal, which now supports 22 languages. This upgrade, part of the Bhashini project, aims to simplify the process for workers to access various government initiatives.
24. In recent developments, Cornell University researchers have transferred AnemiaPhone technology to the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). This innovative tool offers a rapid, accurate, and cost-effective screening method for iron deficiency, a leading cause of anaemia.
25. India is on a transformative journey towards becoming an AI-first nation, supported by a strategic partnership between IndiaAI and Microsoft. This collaboration aims to equip 5,00,000 individuals with AI skills by 2026. It focuses on encouraging innovation, promoting responsible AI development, and building a robust ecosystem for AI applications across the country, particularly in rural areas.
26. In January 2025, Gujarat’s Chief Minister Bhupendra Patel announced advancements in the state’s digital infrastructure. The initiatives aim to improve public welfare and the ‘Ease of Living’ through technology. The ‘Digital India’ campaign, launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, serves as the foundation for these transformative projects.
27. The Bima Sakhi Yojana was recently launched in Goa, aiming to provide insurance access to all citizens. This initiative follows the successful launch in Haryana and is part of a broader vision by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. The scheme focuses on empowering women, particularly those aged 18 to 70, who have completed at least Class X education.
28. The Government of India is focusing on a citizen-centric approach to enhance development. The Centralized Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System (CPGRAMS) plays important role in this initiative. It has successfully addressed over 70 lakh grievances between 2022 and 2024, encouraging a more responsive governance framework.
29. Uttar Pradesh’s Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath inaugurated ‘Maa Ki Rasoi’ on 10th January 2025. This community kitchen initiative aims to provide affordable meals for the economically weaker sections. The kitchen operates at Swaroop Rani Nehru Hospital in Prayagraj, managed by Nandi Sewa Sansthan.
30. The Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP) of NITI Aayog has recently launched a new initiative called EmpowHER Biz – Sapno Ki Udaan. This programme is in partnership with New Shop, a leading 24/7 convenience retail chain in India. The initiative aims to empower women entrepreneurs by providing them with essential skills and resources to thrive in the organised retail sector.
31. The Inland Waterways Development Council (IWDC) has recently convened to discuss advancements in India’s inland waterways infrastructure. The meeting, led by Union Minister Sarbananda Sonowal, brought into light a commitment of over Rs. 50,000 crore for the next five years.
32. The Prime Minister’s Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP) has shown remarkable success in rural job creation over the last sixteen years. Rural micro enterprises have generated more jobs per unit compared to urban enterprises. This trend marks the significance of PMEGP in enhancing rural livelihoods and providing sustainable employment opportunities.
33. Madhya Pradesh has revealed the PARTH Yojana, aimed at empowering youth for careers in defence and law enforcement. This initiative, introduced by Chief Minister Mohan Yadav during the State-Level Youth Festival, focuses on enhancing physical and mental preparedness.
34. Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister N. Chandrababu Naidu recently shared his Sankranti greetings with the global Telugu community. He emphasised the importance of festivals free from economic disparities. Naidu brought into light the government’s commitment to improving the lives of the people through welfare, development, and effective governance.
35. The Bharat Cleantech Manufacturing Platform was recently launched by Union Minister Piyush Goyal at the Bharat Climate Forum 2025 in New Delhi. This initiative aims to enhance India’s cleantech value chains, focusing on solar, wind, hydrogen, and battery storage sectors.
36. Bima Sugam is a transformative project launched by the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (Irdai). This initiative aims to create a comprehensive digital platform for insurance transactions, akin to Amazon’s model. Originally slated for an April 2025 launch, the first phase is now expected mid-2025.
37. The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) has released a draft for the National Essential Diagnostics List (NEDL) 2025. This initiative aims to improve diagnostic services across various healthcare levels in India. The ICMR seeks public feedback until 15th January 2025, before finalising the list.
38. India has recently finalised a Haj agreement with Saudi Arabia, allowing for a quota of 1,75,025 pilgrims for the year 2025. The agreement was signed by Minister of Minority Affairs Kiren Rijiju in Jeddah, in a meeting with Saudi Arabia’s Minister for Hajj and Umrah, Tawfiq Bin Fawzan Al-Rabiah.
39. The Watershed Development Component of the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (WDC-PMKSY) is focused on revitalising degraded and rainfed areas across India. Recent evaluations of past projects have shown promising results, including improved groundwater levels and increased farmers’ incomes.
40. The National Health Authority (NHA) of India has recently signed a Memorandum of About (MoU) with the State Health Agency of Odisha. This agreement marks milestone as Odisha becomes the 34th state to implement the Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB PM-JAY).
41. The National Turmeric Board was inaugurated on 14th January 2025 in New Delhi by Union Minister of Commerce & Industry, Shri Piyush Goyal. This event coincided with celebrations across the nation. The board aims to enhance the welfare of turmeric farmers, develop superior varieties, and boost exports. The headquarters is located in Nizamabad, region for turmeric cultivation.
42. The Ministry of Rural Development continues to focus on its ambitious goal of “Housing for All” through the Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana Gramin (PMAY-G). Launched on 1st April 2016, this initiative aims to construct 4.95 crore houses by March 2029. Recent developments indicate progress, particularly in Madhya Pradesh, where the scheme’s impact is notably evident.
43. The Mahakumbh festival in Prayagraj, scheduled from 13th January to 26th February 2025, marks spiritual gathering. The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) has introduced the Bhashini platform to enhance communication for millions of attendees.
44. The dairy sector in Odisha is set for a major transformation. Recent initiatives, inaugurated by the Hon’ble President of India, Smt. Droupadi Murmu, aim to enhance milk production and improve nutritional outcomes. These initiatives focus on increasing milk procurement capacity from 5 lakh to 10 lakh litres per day.
45. The Fast Track Immigration Trusted Traveller Program (FTI-TTP) is an initiative aimed at enhancing immigration processes in India. Launched by Union Home Minister Amit Shah, the programme aims to provide seamless and secure international travel experiences for eligible travellers.
46. National Startup Day is celebrated annually on 16th January to recognise the contributions of startups to India’s economy. Recently, India stands as the third-largest startup ecosystem globally, with over 99,000 registered firms valued at $500 billion. This day marks the importance of innovation and entrepreneurship in driving economic growth.
47. As of January 2025, the Startup India mission celebrates its ninth anniversary, denoting achievements in encouraging entrepreneurship across the nation. Key government funding initiatives have transformed the startup landscape, particularly benefiting Tier II and Tier III cities.
48. Recently, the Union Minister for Housing and Urban Affairs, Manohar Lal Khattar, revealed a new toolkit for the ninth edition of Swachh Survekshan, the largest urban cleanliness survey globally. This edition introduces a simplified and systematic approach, promoting urban sanitation through citizen engagement and third-party validation.
49. Recently, Union Minister Jyotiraditya Scindia launched several telecom initiatives aimed at enhancing connectivity and security across India. These initiatives include the Sanchar Saathi Mobile App, the National Broadband Mission (NBM) 2.0, and Intra Circle Roaming at DBN-funded 4G mobile sites.
50. On 18th January 2025, Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi presided over the e-Distribution of SVAMITVA Property Cards. This event marks step in India’s rural governance and empowerment, with around 65 lakh cards being distributed across over 50,000 villages in 10 states and 2 Union Territories.
51. Recently, the Ministry of Finance reported advancements in food processing projects under the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana (PMKSY). A total of 1,646 projects have been sanctioned, aimed at enhancing the agricultural and food processing sectors in India. These initiatives are expected to generate substantial employment and investment opportunities.
52. The Government of India has recently approved a substantial financial package to revive the Visakhapatnam Steel Plant (VSP), public sector enterprise in Andhra Pradesh. This initiative is part of a broader strategy to strengthen the steel industry and support economic growth in the region.
53. Recently, the Government of India revealed Entity Locker, a digital platform designed to streamline the management and verification of business documents. Developed by the National eGovernance Division (NeGD) under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY), this initiative aims to enhance digital governance and facilitate ease of doing business in India.
54. The National Tribal Health Conclave 2025 took place on 20th January 2025 at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi. Organised by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MoTA) and the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoH&FW), this event is part of the Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan.
55. Recently, Kerala’s government launched a comprehensive education plan aimed at enhancing public school quality. This initiative follows meeting chaired by Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan, focusing on accountability and timely execution of educational improvements.
56. Since its launch in 2015, India’s Smart Cities Mission aimed to transform urban landscapes by developing 100 cities with advanced infrastructure and sustainable practices. However, nearly a decade later, the initiative has faced challenges and criticism, with many projects failing to meet their objectives.
57. The Union Cabinet recently approved the continuation of the National Health Mission (NHM) for additional 5 years. It has emerged as a very important force in enhancing public health across India. Launched to address various health challenges, the NHM has made strides in reducing mortality rates and improving healthcare delivery from 2021 to 2024.
58. On 20th January 2025, Chhattisgarh Chief Minister Vishnu Deo Sai inaugurated the ‘Deendayal Upadhyay Bhoomiheen Krishi Majdoor Kalyana Yojana’ in Raipur. This initiative aims to provide financial assistance to over 5.62 lakh landless agricultural labourers, including Baigas and Gunias, with an annual grant of Rs. 10,000.
59. The Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MoTA) organized a National Conference of District Magistrates to speed up the implementation of the Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM JANMAN). The PM JANMAN is initiative aimed at improving the socio-economic conditions of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) in India.
60. The Government of India has set a goal to achieve 10,000 Geographical Indication (GI) tags by 2030. This initiative was announced by Union Minister of Commerce & Industry, Piyush Goyal, during the GI Samagam event in New Delhi. The current number of GI tags stands at 605.
61. The Odisha government is initiating project to empower local communities in forest management. As part of a new phase under the Forest Rights Act, 100 villages are set to receive direct funding into their bank accounts. This initiative aims to enhance forest protection and management by enabling local governance through gram sabhas (village councils).
62. Madhya Pradesh has recently taken step towards prohibition by banning liquor sales in 17 religious towns. This decision, announced by Chief Minister Mohan Yadav, coincides with the 300th birth anniversary of the revered Maratha ruler Devi Ahilyabai Holkar. The towns affected include Ujjain, Orchha, and Maheshwar, among others.
63. The Aadhaar-Based Payment System (ABPS) has been a focal point of discussion in India since its mandatory implementation for wage payments under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) from 1st January 2024. This system aims to enhance efficiency and transparency in wage disbursement.
64. The issue of unutilised cess funds for construction workers has gained attention following a Right to Information (RTI) response from the Union Labour Ministry. The response revealed that welfare boards across various states have failed to allocate amount of cess collected from employers, amounting to Rs. 70,744.16 crore.
65. The Minister for Tourism and Cinematography, Kandula Durgesh, recently announced funding for two major tourism projects in Andhra Pradesh. The Ministry of Tourism has sanctioned Rs. 177 crore under the Special Assistance to States for Capital Investment scheme. This funding aims to enhance the Akhanda Godavari and Gandikota tourism circuits.
66. The Unified Pension Scheme (UPS) was officially notified on 24th January 2025. This scheme offers government employees a new choice for retirement benefits. It replaces the National Pension System (NPS), which did not guarantee pensions for employees joining after 1st January 2004.
67. The Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) has launched the enhanced Certificate of Origin (eCoO) 2.0 system. This upgrade aims to simplify the certification process for exporters and improve trade efficiency. The new platform incorporates user-friendly features and mandatory electronic filing, marking advancement in India’s trade facilitation efforts.
68. Telangana Chief Minister A. Revanth Reddy set a new record by launching four welfare schemes in 563 villages across all mandals on 26th January. The schemes were launched across 563 villages in all mandals.
69. The Ministry of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MoMSME) has launched initiative aimed at enhancing the digital presence of small businesses in India. With a budget of Rs. 277.35 crore over three years, the MSME Trade Enablement and Marketing (TEAM) Initiative seeks to onboard 5 lakh micro and small enterprises, focusing particularly on women-led businesses.
70. The Government of India has recently approved the Mutual Credit Guarantee Scheme for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). This initiative aims to enhance credit access for manufacturing units by providing a 60% guarantee coverage on loans up to Rs. 100 crore.
71. The Government of India has approved the National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM) with a budget of Rs. 16,300 crore. This initiative aims to enhance India’s self-reliance in critical minerals essential for high-tech industries and clean energy. The Finance Minister announced this mission in the Union Budget for 2024-25.
72. Recently, the Government of India, through a High-Level Committee (HLC) led by Union Home Minister Amit Shah, approved allocation of Rs. 3,027.86 crore for disaster mitigation projects. This funding aims to enhance disaster management across various states, focusing on lightning safety, drought assistance, and forest fire risk management.
73. The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs in India has approved a revision of the ethanol procurement price for the Ethanol Supply Year 2024-25. This decision aims to support the Ethanol Blended Petrol Programme. The new price is set at Rs. 57.97 per litre. This marks an increase from the previous rate of Rs. 56.58 per litre.
74. The Government of India launched two major initiatives aimed at improving the welfare of unorganised workers. These initiatives are part of a broader strategy to enhance employment outcomes and streamline access to government welfare programs. The initiatives were introduced by Union Minister Mansukh Mandaviya during a meeting with State and Union Territory Labour Ministers.
75. The Polavaram Project is multi-purpose irrigation initiative in Andhra Pradesh. Recently, the state government approved Rs. 990 crore for constructing a new diaphragm wall for the Earth-cum-Rock Fill dam. This decision enhances the project’s scope and aims to improve irrigation and hydroelectric power generation.
76. The Andhra Pradesh government recently launched the “Mana Mitra” initiative. This programme aims to enhance governance through WhatsApp. Nara Lokesh, the Minister for IT, Electronics, and Communication, introduced the service in Guntur district. The initiative will allow citizens to access 161 civil services via WhatsApp.
77. The Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) has recently extended the deadline for taxpayers involved in the Vivad Se Vishwas scheme. The new deadline is now 31st January 2025, up from the previous date of 31st December 2024. This extension is intended to provide taxpayers with additional time to ascertain the amounts payable under the scheme.
78. The Tamirabharani – Karumeniyar – Nambiyar River linking scheme is set to be inaugurated by Chief Minister M. K. Stalin on 7th February 2025. This ambitious project aims to benefit over 15,000 acres in the rain-shadow regions of Tamil Nadu, specifically in Nanguneri, Thisaiyanvilai, and Sattankulam.
Awards & Honours
1. Dr. K. S. Manilal, a revered botanist, passed away on 1st January 2025, in Thrissur, Kerala. He was 86 years old and had been unwell for some time. His remarkable contributions to botany, particularly his work on the ancient manuscript Hortus Malabaricus, have left a lasting impact on the field of plant research. Dr. Manilal’s dedication to reviving this 17th century work made strides in understanding Kerala’s rich biodiversity.
2. On 5th January 2025, President Joe Biden honoured 19 distinguished individuals during a ceremony at the White House. This event recognised contributions across various fields, including politics, entertainment, and sports. The honourees included prominent figures such as Hillary Clinton, philanthropist George Soros, and posthumously awarded Robert F. Kennedy.
3. On 7th January 2025, the Government of India announced the appointment of V. Narayanan as the new Chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and Secretary of the Department of Space. He will officially take office on 14th January 2025, succeeding S. Somanath.
4. Recently, the Indian National Science Academy (INSA) made changes to its annual list of Fellows, breaking from its long-standing tradition. This year’s list includes prominent figures from various fields who are not professional scientists, reflecting a broader approach to recognising contributions to science in India. INSA aims to enhance diversity and acknowledge those who apply scientific principles in society.
5. 20th January commemorates the death of Sewa Singh Thikriwala, a very important figure in the Praja Mandal movement advocating for self-rule in Punjab. He died in 1935 during a hunger strike while imprisoned. His legacy is celebrated annually from 18th to 20th January in his village, where a memorial event takes place.
6. Libia Lobo Sardesai, a prominent figure in the Goan liberation movement, was recently honoured with the Padma Shri (4th highest civilian award). This recognition celebrates her contributions to Goa’s fight for freedom from Portuguese colonial rule. Born in 1924, Libia played important role in the anti-colonial struggle, particularly through the establishment of an underground radio station.
7. Wing Commander Akshay Saxena has been awarded the Vayu Sena Medal (Gallantry) for his exceptional contributions during anti-piracy operations in the Arabian Sea. This recognition marks the increasing threats posed by piracy in international waters, particularly from Houthi rebels targeting merchant vessels.
8. The Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Award has been awarded to Christine Carla Kangaloo, the President of Trinidad and Tobago. This recognition marks her contributions to public affairs and her role in enhancing India’s global reputation. The award was presented by the High Commissioner of India during a Republic Day reception.
Sports
1. Kalaripayattu, the ancient martial art from Kerala, is at the centre of a dispute as the 38th National Games approach. The Indian Kalaripayattu Federation has raised concerns about its relegation to a demonstration event by the Indian Olympics Association (IOA). This decision has disappointed athletes and sparked discussions about the sport’s future in competitive arenas.
2. An out-of-sorts India was knocked out of the World Test Championship final as Australia cruised to a six-wicket victory in the fifth and final test of the Border-Gavaskar Trophy after 10 years. Australia won the five-match series 3-1 and also qualified for the World Test Championship final against South Africa slated at the Lord’s from 11th to 15th June.
3. Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the 38th National Games in Dehradun, Uttarakhand, marking an important milestone for the state as it celebrates its 25th anniversary. The event highlighted India’s growing sports culture and provided a platform for youth across the country to showcase their talent.
4. The Odisha Warriors, led by Janneke Schopman, clinched the inaugural Women’s Hockey India League (HIL) title, emerging victorious in a thrilling final against Soorma Hockey Club with a 2-1 scoreline. This match, held at the Marang Gomke Jaipal Singh Stadium in Ranchi.
5. India is set to host the prestigious FIDE Chess World Cup 2025, marking a significant milestone for the country as it takes on the role of the host for its first major international chess tournament since the 2022 Chennai Chess Olympiad. This announcement is poised to further elevate India’s stature in the global chess arena, especially considering the country’s growing influence in the sport.
6. Lionel Messi, captain of the Argentina men’s football team and one of the greatest footballers of all time, was honoured with the United States Presidential Medal of Freedom, the country’s highest civilian award. This recognition marks a significant milestone in his illustrious career, making him the first male footballer to receive this prestigious honour.
7. New Zealand’s prolific opener, Martin Guptill, has officially retired from international cricket, concluding a distinguished 14-year career that began in 2009. Throughout his tenure, Guptill represented the Black Caps in 198 One Day Internationals (ODIs), 122 Twenty20 Internationals (T20Is), and 47 Test matches, amassing a total of 14,877 runs across all formats.
8. Novak Djokovic, one of tennis greatest players, added another milestone to his illustrious career on 17th January 2025, by breaking a tie with Roger Federer for the most Grand Slam matches played in tennis history.
9. Australia has once again asserted its dominance in women’s cricket by winning the ICC Women’s Championship for the third consecutive time. The team was presented with the prestigious ICC Women’s Championship Trophy in Melbourne after emerging victorious in the 10-team competition that serves as a pathway to the ICC Women’s Cricket World Cup 2025.
10. The 23rd National Para Athletics Championship 2025 has unveiled its official logo and mascot, marking a significant milestone in India’s journey to promote para sports and inclusivity. This prestigious event is set to take place in Tamil Nadu.
11. Geoff Allardice, the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the International Cricket Council (ICC), resigned. His resignation comes at a critical juncture, just 21 days before the scheduled start of the ICC Champions Trophy 2025, set to be hosted by Pakistan.
12. Indian pace sensation Jasprit Bumrah was awarded the prestigious Sir Garfield Sobers Award for ICC Men’s Cricketer of the Year 2024. The award recognizes his extraordinary performances across all formats, solidifying his reputation as one of the greatest fast bowlers of the modern era.
Monthly Current Affairs – January 2025
General Knowledge Questions with Answers
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