Scientists believe that the Earth’s outer crust is made up of about huge fragments, called tectonic plates, that fit together like a cracked eggshell. According

The moisture gathered in clouds eventually falls to the ground as liquid rain or drizzle, or as solid, frozen SNOW or HAIL. Any kind of falling moisture is

Air always contains some water vapour from oceans, lakes, and the ground. Clouds form when the air cools below a certain temperature, so that some

Wind is the movement of the atmosphere. The atmosphere moves because the Sun heats the Earth’s surface, causing air to increase in temperature, expand, and

The weather is the day-to-day condition of the atmosphere at a particular place and time – whether the air is warm or cool, moist or

Every part of Earth has its own climate – the typical pattern of weather over a long period of time. An area’s climate is affected

The Earth would be as lifeless as the Moon without the atmosphere – a blanket of gases surrounding the planet and extending about 700 km

Lakes form where water fills hollows in the landscape. Some of these hollows are formed by glaciers gouging into the ground, and some are created

Islands are land masses entirely surrounded by water. They are found in oceans, seas, rivers, and lakes. Islands vary in size from tiny rock outcrops

Just a century ago, the ocean floor was largely unknown. Now we know that the deep oceans have features such as mountains, deep valleys, and

About 71 per cent of our planet’s surface is covered by oceans and seas. In order of size, the five great oceans are the Pacific,

Coasts, which form the boundary between land and ocean, receive a constant battering from the wind and waves. In calm weather, the water merely laps

About one-tenth of Earth’s dry land and one-eighth of its oceans are covered with ice. This ice is made of snow that collects and becomes

The rocky material that is transported and DEPOSITED by rivers, seas, glaciers, and the wind is called sediment. Clay, sand, and gravel are all types of sediment.

Much of the solid bedrock of the Earth’s crust is covered in soil. This loose, soft material is a mixture of organic matter and particles

The process that breaks up and carries away the rocks and soils that make up the Earth’s surface is called erosion. It is caused by

Geologists (scientists who study rocks) divide the time since the Earth was formed until today into chunks called periods. During the various periods, different species

Fossils are the remains or traces of an animal or plant that are preserved in rock. They come in many forms, from footprints and faint

The Earth is covered in a layer of solid rock called the crust. Rocks are either SEDIMENTARY , IGNEOUS, or METAMORPHIC. Almost all rocks made of minerals, but

Minerals are the materials that make up the rocks of the Earth’s crust. Among thousands of different minerals, only a few, including quartz, feldspar, and

New mountains are built when rocks are pushed upwards by the movement of the giant rocky plates that make up the Earth’s crust. The rocks

Volcanoes are vents (openings) in the ground from which magma (molten rock), ash, gas, and rock fragments surge upwards, in an event called an eruption.

Earthquakes are caused by movements of the giant tectonic plates that form Earth’s crust. SEISMOLOGY is the study of earthquakes. Most occur at cracks called FAULTS, at the

Scientists believe that the Earth’s outer crust is made up of about huge fragments, called tectonic plates, that fit together like a cracked eggshell. According

The Earth is a giant, spinning ball of rock and metal. The rocky surface we live on is the Earth’s thin outer layer, called the

The rocky ball that forms our world is one of nine planets in the Solar System. Earth is a sphere, with a slight bulge in

राजमार्ग का नाम मार्ग दूरी NH 1 दिल्ली-अंबाला- लुधियाना अमृतसर- इंडो पाक 456 किमी NH 1 A जालन्धर –माधोपुर –जम्मू बनिहाल –श्रीनगर बारामुला –उरी 663

A Aegir – A shallow river situated on a wide estuary with a narrow sea outlet, which causes the incoming water to surge very quickly

City (World) River Baghdad Tigris Bangkok Chao Phraya Belgrade Danube Berlin Spree, Havel Budapest Danube Cairo Nile Dhaka Buriganga Frankfurt Main Karachi Indus Kathmandu Bagmati

Rivers Place of Confluence Alaknanda and Dhauliganga Vishnuprayag (Uttarakhand) Alaknanda and Nandakini Nandaprayag (Uttarakhand) Alaknanda and Pindar Karnaprayag (Uttarakhand) Alaknanda and Mandakini Rudraprayag (Uttarakhand) Alaknanda

Present Day Name Ancient/Alternate Name Indus Sindhu (Ancient name); Singi Khamban (Tibetan name) Jhelum Vitasta (Ancient name); Hydaspes(Greek name) Chenab Asikini (Ancient name); Chandrabhagha Ravi

River Tributaries Ganga 1. Gomti 2. Ghaghra 3. Gandak 4. Kosi 5. Yamuna 6. Son 7. Ramganga Yamuna 1. Chambal 2. Sindh 3. Betwa 4.

River Place of Origin Ganga Gangotri (Uttarakhand) Yamuna Yamunotri (Uttarakhand) Indus Mansarovar (Tibet) Narmada Maikal Hills, Amarkantak (MP) Tapi/Tapti Satpura Range, Betul (MP) Mahanadi Nagri

Dam River State Nagarjunasagar Krishna Telangana Pochampad (Sri Ramasagar) Godavari Telangana Srisailam Krishna A.P. Sardar Sarovar Narmada Gujarat Ukai Tapi Gujarat Hirakud Mahanadi Orissa Bhakra

City (India) River Delhi Yamuna Agra Yamuna Patna Ganga Haridwar Ganga Allahabad Confluence of Ganga and Yamuna Varanasi Ganga Guwahati Brahmaputra Kanpur Ganga Jabalpur Narmada

General Facts on Indian Rivers The river system of India can be classified into four groups – 1. Himalayan rivers 2. Deccan (Peninsular) rivers 3.

1. Mount Thor is the coolest mountain and not just because of its name A mountain on Baffin Island, Canada, has Earth’s highest vertical drop.

1. Some tornadoes move incredibly quickly! Most tornadoes have wind speeds less than 100 mph, but extreme ones can reach speeds of over 300 mph.

The Mediterranean Sea in Sardinia, Italy. While there is one global ocean, experts generally divide it up into five major interconnected basins: the Pacific, the

Highway running through the coastal Namib Desert along the Atlantic Ocean in Namibia.  Experts have several ways of categorizing the different types of deserts, but

collection of metamorphic rock specimens – amphibolite, migmatite, quartzite, skarn, quartz, schist, listvenite, jasper, jaspillite, shale, coal, hornfels, slate, phyllite, gneiss, talc.  Metamorphic rock is

Mountains are formed by movement within the Earth’s crust. There are three main catagories of mountains: Volcanic, Fold and Bock Mountains are formed along fissures,

Recording seismic waves caused by earthquakes using a seismograph. Earthquakes are caused when seismic energy which was trapped within the Earth is released There are

Colorado, a landlocked state in the Western United States, is an all-year-round destination due to its natural beauty and dramatic landscape. The state’s attractions range from

Denali is the highest mountain peak in North America, located in Alaska Denali is also known as Mount McKinley, and it is the highest mountain in

Continental drift on the planet Earth. Before as Pangaea – 200 million years ago and after as modern continents.  Pangea was once a single unified

The multi-step waterfall in the Plitvice Lakes National Park in Croatia.  Waterfalls are classified into 10 different types depending on the way they descend. Some

A bay is defined as a coastal water body that connects to the main water body, such as a lake, ocean, or a larger bay. Although they

Although it has sea in its name, the Caspian Sea is a lake as it is not connected to the ocean. Almost anybody has an

The Caspian Sea is not a sea but a lake. According to the definition of NOAA, US, a sea is partially enclosed by land and