Cell Biology

Cell Membrane – The semi-permeable membrane surrounding the cell.

Nucleus – The cell organelle that houses genetic material, also known as DNA.

Mitochondria – The powerhouse of the cell, involved in energy production.

Ribosomes – Structures involved in protein synthesis.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) – Network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis; rough ER has ribosomes, smooth ER does not.

Golgi Apparatus – Processes and packages proteins and lipids.

Genetics

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) – The molecule that carries genetic information.

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) – Involved in protein synthesis and gene expression.

Gene – A segment of DNA that codes for a protein.

Chromosome – Structures made of DNA and proteins that contain genetic information.

Mutation – A change in the DNA sequence.

Genotype – The genetic constitution of an individual.

Phenotype – The physical expression of the genotype.

Histology

Homeostasis – Ability or tendency of the body or a cell to seek and maintain a condition of equilibrium

Metabolism – The sum of all chemical reactions within an organism.

Enzyme – Proteins that act as biological catalysts.

Hormones – Chemical messengers produced by glands that regulate various physiological processes.

Ecology

Ecosystem – A community of living organisms interacting with their environment.

Biotic Factors – Living components of an ecosystem, like plants and animals.

Abiotic Factors – Non-living components of an ecosystem, such as temperature and water.

Food Chain – A series of organisms each dependent on the next as a source of food.

Niche – The role or function of an organism or species within an ecosystem.

Evolution

Natural Selection – The process where organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and reproduce.

Speciation – The formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution.

Adaptation – Traits that improve an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce.

Plant Biology

Photosynthesis – The process by which green plants use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water.

Chlorophyll – The green pigment in plants responsible for absorbing light.

Stomata – Pores on the leaf surface that allow gas exchange.

Xylem – Vascular tissue responsible for water transport in plants.

Phloem – Vascular tissue responsible for nutrient transport in plants.

Human Anatomy

Cardiovascular System – Includes the heart and blood vessels.

Respiratory System – Includes the lungs and airways.

Digestive System – Includes organs like the stomach and intestines involved in digestion.

Nervous System – Includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

Microbiology

Bacteria – Single-celled organisms that can be beneficial or pathogenic.

Virus – A microscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside living cells.

Fungi – A kingdom of organisms that includes yeasts, molds, and mushrooms.

Biology Terminology

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