National

1. The Investor Education and Protection Fund Authority (IEPFA) under the Ministry of Corporate Affairs launched the Saksham Niveshak campaign in 2025. This 100-day national drive ran from 28^th July to 6^th November. It focused on empowering shareholders by raising awareness about unclaimed dividends and guiding them to update KYC and nomination details.

2. The recent launch of the Dorjilung Hydropower Project in Bhutan marks milestone in regional clean energy collaboration. This 1125 MW project is a joint venture between Bhutan’s Druk Green Power Corporation (DGPC) and India’s Tata Power Company Limited. It represents a strategic shift towards private sector participation and shared infrastructure development between the two nations.

3. The Union Cabinet chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi has approved a Central Sector Scheme to provide Rs. 2,000 crore as grant-in-aid to the National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC). This scheme will run from 2025-26 to 2028-29 with Rs. 500 crore allocated each year. The grant will enable NCDC to raise Rs. 20,000 crore from the open market, which will be used to extend loans to cooperatives across India.

4. The Kerala High Court has recently mandated urgent steps for the protection of the Ashtamudi wetland. This follows a public interest litigation denoting severe pollution, encroachments, and ecological degradation of the wetland. The court directed the state government and the State Wetland Authority Kerala (SWAK) to establish a dedicated management unit and prepare an integrated conservation plan within strict timelines.

5. The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) have launched an innovative AI-powered climate advisory service. It aims to help them adapt to increasing climate variability and improve agricultural productivity. The initiative is supported by the Government of India’s Monsoon Mission III.

6. Recent data from the Union government reveals that thirteen stretches of rivers in Gujarat are officially classified as polluted. The Sabarmati river stretch between Raysan and Vautha is the most contaminated. This assessment is based on biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), a key measure of organic pollution in water.

7. The Mithun (Bos frontalis), a semi-domesticated bovine native to Northeast India, has gained renewed attention in 2025. Scientists and tribal farmers have jointly urged the Central government to include Mithun under key livestock development schemes such as the National Livestock Mission (NLM).

8. India recently launched the first four projects under the India-UN Global Capacity Building Initiative. This programme aims to help Global South countries achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The initiative builds on India’s expertise in capacity building and strengthens South-South cooperation.

9. The Matri Van initiative was launched in Gurugram as step towards ecological preservation and urban sustainability. This urban forest project, part of the Government of India’s ‘Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam’ programme, aims to create a green legacy by involving communities and multiple stakeholders.

10. The conservation of the Alpine musk deer (Moschus chrysogaster) in India faces challenges due to misidentification and management issues. A report by the Central Zoo Authority (CZA) in December 2024 revealed that zoos have confused this species with the Himalayan musk deer (Moschus leucogaster).

11. Operation Muskaan-XI was conducted across Telangana from 1^st to 31^st July 2025. It focused on rescuing children from exploitative and hazardous conditions. The mission involved extensive coordination between police, government departments, and NGOs. It targeted vulnerable locations like railway stations, construction sites, and religious places.

12. The recent birth of red panda cubs at the Himalayan Zoological Park near Gangtok marks achievement. After seven years without successful births, this event revives hopes for the endangered species conservation in the region. The breeding programme initially involved individuals from Rotterdam Zoo and Darjeeling’s Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park.

13. Recent judicial scrutiny in India has focused on the legality and procedures of Arya Samaj marriages. Courts in Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh have raised concerns about fake Arya Samaj societies solemnising marriages without proper age verification and violating anti-conversion laws.

14. The first-ever BIMSTEC Traditional Music Festival was held recently. The event showcased the musical heritage of the seven BIMSTEC member countries. It was inaugurated by External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar. Organised by the Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR), it featured artists from India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Thailand.

15. Odisha introduced a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) to conserve traditional seed varieties called landraces. This step aims to protect agrobiodiversity and empower smallholder farmers by integrating these seeds into formal systems. The SOP under the ‘Shree Anna Abhiyan’ prioritises farmer’s knowledge and community management over industrial seed dominance.

16. The India-Brazil partnership on biofuels is gaining momentum amid rising global trade tensions and shifting energy geopolitics. While the India-US trade relationship faces strain due to tariffs and disagreements, India and Brazil are deepening cooperation through the Global Biofuels Alliance (GBA).

17. The Indian Railways recently completed important 51.38 km railway track to Sairang, Mizoram. This development brings rail connectivity closer to Mizoram’s capital, Aizawl, enhancing trade, tourism, and strategic ties with Southeast Asia. Before this project, Mizoram had only 1.5 km of metre gauge track linking Bairabi to Assam’s Silchar.

18. The Supreme Court of India has recently taken suo motu cognisance of collusive litigation involving officials of the Bengaluru Development Authority (BDA). This action concerns 3 acres 33 guntas of land in Bengaluru North Taluk. The court’s intervention marks the misuse of legal processes by statutory authorities.

19. Recent research by IIT Delhi and IIT Gandhinagar has introduced the District Flood Severity Index (DFSI) for India. This index aims to provide a comprehensive measure of flood severity at the district level. It combines flood duration, area affected, deaths, injuries, and population to better assess flood impacts.

20. India achieved a historic milestone by performing over 18,900 organ transplants in 2024. This is the highest number recorded in a single year. The figure marks rise from fewer than 5,000 transplants in 2013. India is now third globally in total organ transplants, after the United States and China.

21. India took a major step to promote sustainable electronics by adopting a Repairability Index. This index ranks mobile phones and appliances based on how easy they are to repair, availability of spare parts, and software support. The government also introduced new e-waste policies that include minimum payments to encourage formal recycling.

22. India has taken a decisive step by reviving the Sawalkote Hydroelectric Power Project on the Chenab River. This move comes months after India suspended the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) with Pakistan. The project, first planned six decades ago, had been stalled due to treaty restrictions.

23. Recent developments have brought hope to the decade-old Mahanadi river water-sharing dispute between Odisha and Chhattisgarh. Both states have expressed willingness to resolve the issue through negotiations. The Mahanadi Water Disputes Tribunal has granted additional time for talks and scheduled the next hearing for 6^th September 2025.

24. India has intensified efforts to streamline LPG subsidy distribution under the PAHAL (Pratyaksh Hanstantrit Labh) direct benefit transfer scheme in 2025. The government has deactivated over 4 crore duplicate or inactive LPG connections. This move aims to prevent fuel diversion and ensure subsidies reach genuine consumers.

25. Recent data shows growing income inequality among Indian states. Richer states are advancing rapidly, while poorer states lag further behind. Southern and western states dominate the prosperity map, driven by manufacturing and investment-friendly policies.

26. India is rapidly advancing its electric vehicle (EV) sector with a vision to capture a 30% share of EV sales by 2030. The recent report by NITI Aayog titled ‘Unlocking a $200 Billion Opportunity – Electric Vehicles in India’ presents an in-depth analysis of the challenges and potential solutions to accelerate this transition.

27. In eastern Ladakh, the Shyok village is transforming 10 hectares of barren community land into the Union Territory’s first botanical garden. Located on the route to the Galwan Valley, this initiative aims to preserve Ladakh’s unique biodiversity. The project is supported by the Leh Hill Council and is part of the Go Green Go Organic campaign.

28. The 2025 joint census of Nilgiri tahr populations in Kerala and Tamil Nadu has recorded 2,668 individuals. Kerala accounts for 1,365 tahrs while Tamil Nadu has 1,303. This growth marks successful conservation efforts and calls for enhanced interstate collaboration.

29. Recent research from Mizoram University and Help Earth, a Guwahati-based conservation group, has identified a new species of rain snake in Mizoram’s elevated tropical forests. Named Smithophis leptofasciatus, or the narrow-banded rain snake, this discovery adds to the biodiversity of the region and expands knowledge of the genus Smithophis.

30. The Kerala Forest Research Institute (KFRI) has developed a groundbreaking biological solution to protect teak plantations from the destructive teak defoliator moth (Hyblaea puera). This pest has caused severe damage to teak forests for decades. The new technology uses a naturally occurring virus, Hyblaea puera Nucleopolyhedrosis Virus (HpNPV), which specifically targets and kills the pest larvae.

31. The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) launched the ICMR-SHINE Initiative recently. This nationwide student outreach programme targets school students from Classes 9 to 12. It aims to spark scientific curiosity and promote careers in biomedical research. The event aligns with the Prime Minister’s call for One Day as a Scientist and honours Prof. V. Ramalingaswami, a pioneer in Indian medical research.

32. The discovery of deposit of Nickel, Copper, and Platinum Group Elements (Ni-Cu-PGE) in Chhattisgarh’s Mahasamund district marks a key development in India’s resource sector. Awarded to Deccan Gold Mines Limited (DGML) under a 30 sq km Composite Licence, this find supports the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative by enhancing India’s self-reliance in critical minerals.

33. India is preparing to launch its carbon market in 2026. Biochar, a carbon-rich charcoal made from agricultural and organic waste, is poised to be a key technology for carbon removal. It offers a sustainable way to manage waste and reduce greenhouse gases. Its success depends on the involvement of multiple sectors and stakeholders.

34. The crop protection chemicals sector in India is witnessing changes in 2025. The growing scarcity of farm labour is driving demand for herbicides. These chemicals help control weeds that compete with crops for nutrients and water. The market is dominated by multinational companies, but Indian firms are making strategic moves to expand their presence.

Current Affair of August 2025

35. India’s Parliament passed two key maritime laws in 2025 to modernise the shipping sector. The Carriage of Goods by Sea Bill, 2025, and the Merchant Shipping Bill, 2024, replace outdated laws from the 20^th century. These reforms aim to align India’s maritime legal framework with global standards.

36. The second edition of SheLeads, UN Women’s flagship workshop for women leaders was inaugurated recently. This event follows the landmark Women’s Reservation Act, 2023, which mandates 33% reservation for women in the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies. With women currently holding only 14% of seats in the 18^th Lok Sabha, SheLeads aims to bridge this gap by equipping women with the skills needed for political leadership.

37. India’s groundwater, a vital resource for drinking and irrigation, faces a severe pollution crisis. The 2024 Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) report reveals widespread contamination by nitrates, fluoride, arsenic, uranium, and heavy metals. This invisible threat endangers millions, especially in rural areas dependent on groundwater.

38. DSP Mutual Fund introduced the DSP Nifty500 Flexicap Quality 30 Index Fund. This fund is India’s first low-cost flexicap strategy that blends quality stock selection with dynamic market capitalisation allocation. It aims to help investors confidently navigate changing equity markets through a rules-based, automated approach.

39. The village of Satnavri in rural Nagpur is at the forefront of India’s rural digital transformation. Selected under a state-backed pilot project, it aims to become the nation’s first ‘Smart Intelligent Village’. The initiative integrates advanced technology into daily rural life, covering agriculture, education, healthcare, governance, and finance.

40. Botanists revealed a new plant species named Heptapleurum assamicum from Assam’s Dima Hasao and West Karbi Anglong districts. This evergreen shrub enriches the biodiversity of Northeast India, a region known for its unique flora. The species was found during detailed surveys in the Kopili River basin, growing on large boulders in flowing water habitats.

41. The Union Cabinet recently approved four new components under the Central Sector Scheme of Special Development Packages (SDPs) for Assam and Tripura. These packages, with a total central outlay of Rs. 4,250 crore, aim to accelerate socio-economic development in historically underserved tribal and ethnic regions.

42. The Kagaznagar forest division in Komaram Bheem Asifabad district of Telangana has witnessed a rare burst of colourful fungi. The most remarkable discovery is the Blue Pinkgill mushroom (Entoloma hochstetteri), a species native to New Zealand. This vivid blue mushroom is notable for its rare azulene pigments.

43. The Environment Ministry introduced the Environment Protection (Management of Contaminated Sites) Rules, 2025. These rules provide a legal framework to identify, assess and remediate chemical contamination at hazardous sites across India. Until now, such sites lacked a formal process despite their risks to health and environment.

44. The Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project (KLIP) in Telangana has recently come under intense scrutiny. Several structural issues and administrative decisions have sparked debates about its execution and management. A judicial inquiry has been conducted to investigate the allegations.

45. Punjab has taken a major step in combating drug and weapon smuggling across its border with Pakistan. Recently, the state government launched the Baaj Akh Anti-Drone System (ADS), becoming the first in India to deploy such technology along an international border. This initiative forms part of Punjab’s intensified War Against Drugs campaign.

46. India’s organ transplant system has seen a major policy update in 2025. The National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organisation (NOTTO) has issued a 10-point advisory to reduce gender disparity among transplant recipients. Women patients and relatives of deceased donors will now receive priority in organ allocation.

47. The year 2025 has seen a sharp increase in lightning-related deaths in India. Between April and July alone, over 1,600 people died due to lightning and rain-related incidents. This rise is linked to changing climate patterns and expanding lightning zones across the country. Lightning now poses a growing threat not only in rural but also urban areas.

48. Rajasthan has initiated India’s first drone-based artificial rain trial at Ramgarh Dam. This marks shift from traditional aeroplane-assisted cloud seeding to the use of unmanned aerial vehicles. The trial involves around 60 drones and is a joint effort by the state agriculture department and GenX AI, a technology firm based in the US and Bengaluru.

49. The Supreme Court of India recently upheld a suspension on arrests under Section 498-A of the Indian Penal Code. This law addresses cruelty against married women by their husbands or relatives. The judgement, delivered in July 2025, allows a two-month ‘cool-off’ period during which no arrest or coercive action can be taken.

50. The Supreme Court of India recently directed the removal of all stray dogs from Delhi’s streets within two months. This order has thrown the city’s civic authorities into turmoil. Delhi lacks permanent shelters, accurate data, sufficient manpower, and funds to manage its estimated million-strong stray dog population.

51. The Muthuvan tribe, residing along the Kerala-Tamil Nadu border hills, recently held community convention. The event focused on preserving their language, culture, and traditional knowledge. Over 2,000 members and 130 village heads, known as Kanis, participated. The gathering reaffirmed their commitment to coexist peacefully with forests and wildlife while adapting to modern changes.

52. Recent discussions in the Goa State Assembly have revived calls for legalising bull fighting, locally known as dhirio or dhiri. Legislators across parties argue that this traditional sport is deeply embedded in Goan culture. Despite a ban imposed by the High Court in 1996 under the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, bull fights continue clandestinely. Supporters show its cultural and economic significance, while opponents stress animal welfare concerns.

53. The Supreme Court of India admitted an appeal by Alphabet Inc., Google’s parent company, on 8^th August 2025. The appeal challenges a National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT) ruling that upheld findings of the Competition Commission of India (CCI) against Google. A detailed hearing is scheduled for November 2025.

54. India is witnessing shift in its power sector. Industrial and commercial consumers are increasingly producing their own renewable energy. This trend is changing the traditional electricity market dominated by public utilities. It is a quiet revolution that could reshape India’s energy future.

55. Recent research in Kerala’s Western Ghats has led to the discovery of a new genus and two new species of freshwater crabs. The discoveries were made by scientists from the University of Kerala and the National University of Singapore. The species belong to the family Gecarcinucidae and were found in isolated mountain streams.

56. The Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA) launched the Bhu-Neer portal in 2024. It aims to streamline groundwater regulation across 19 States and Union Territories in India. This digital platform facilitates quick and transparent processing of No Objection Certificate (NOC) applications for groundwater extraction. The portal supports sustainable groundwater management aligned with the Ministry of Jal Shakti’s guidelines.

57. Maharashtra has pioneered a landmark initiative called ‘Disha Abhiyan’ to provide uniform and quality education for students with intellectual disabilities. This programme has been implemented in 453 special schools across the state. It is the first state-wide curriculum of its kind in India.

58. The Uttar Pradesh government has launched the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) Industrial Estate Management Policy in 2025. This policy aims to promote industrial growth by simplifying land allocation, improving facilities, and ensuring better estate management. It targets enhanced investor confidence and a modern industrial environment aligned with global standards.

59. On 14^th August 2025, over 83 lakh farmers in Madhya Pradesh will get the second installment of the Chief Minister Kisan Kalyan Yojana 2025-26. Chief Minister Dr. Mohan Yadav will transfer the funds directly to their accounts. Launched in September 2020, this scheme aims to stabilise and strengthen farmer’s incomes in Madhya Pradesh.

60. The Union Health Ministry launched the State Health Regulatory Excellence Index (SHRESTH) in 2025. This new initiative benchmarks state drug regulatory systems to ensure the safety and quality of medicines across India. The index uses a transparent and data-driven framework to promote uniform regulatory standards.

61. Recent concerns have emerged over the Char Dham all-weather road widening project in the Bhagirathi eco-sensitive zone (BESZ). Experts warn that the current plan could destabilise the fragile Himalayan terrain. Two members of a Supreme Court-appointed panel have brought into light risks based on their detailed surveys. Their findings link recent floods and landslides to slope instability caused by construction activities.

62. The Indian Himalayan region is facing increasing climatic and geological threats. Recent years have seen frequent disasters such as glacial lake bursts, flash floods, landslides, avalanches and cloudbursts. These events are no longer rare but have become common indicators of a destabilised mountain environment. The impact stretches from Ladakh to Arunachal Pradesh and beyond into Nepal, Bhutan and Sikkim.

63. India in 2025 faces a renewed focus on illegal immigration and its impact on national security and social stability. Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced a high-powered Demography Mission to address these concerns. The government is intensifying identity verification and cracking down on suspected foreign nationals, particularly from Bangladesh.

64. The Centre launched the Pradhan Mantri Viksit Bharat Rozgar Yojana (PM-VBRY) on 15^th August 2025. The scheme aims to boost formal employment by providing financial incentives to both first-time employees and employers. Operated by the Employee’s Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO), the scheme has a budget of Rs. 99,446 crore and targets the creation of over 3.5 crore jobs in two years.

65. The Centre has proposed a simplified Goods and Services Tax (GST) system with two main slabs – standard and merit. This reform aims to replace the existing four slabs of 5%, 12%, 18%, and 28%. The proposal was sent to the Group of Ministers (GoM) for review. The move is part of next-generation GST reforms promised by the Prime Minister to be revealed by Diwali 2025.

66. India’s factory gate inflation, measured by the Wholesale Price Index (WPI), recorded a two-year low of -0.58% in July 2025. This marked the second consecutive month of negative inflation, mainly driven by falling food and fuel prices. Despite this overall decline, prices of manufactured goods showed an upward trend during the same period.

67. The Supreme Court recently declined to block a Mississippi law that requires age verification and parental consent for social media use by minors. This ruling marks moment in ongoing legal battles over regulating online platforms to protect children. The law aims to address concerns about social media’s impact on youth mental health and safety.

68. India reached a new milestone in ocean exploration in August 2025. Two Indian aquanauts descended to depths of 4,025 and 5,002 metres in the Atlantic Ocean. This achievement places India among fewer than six nations to explore such extreme ocean depths. The expedition was part of an Indo-French collaboration using the French submersible Nautile.

69. Recent botanical research has uncovered a new species of palm in India and reclassified existing ones within the genus Phoenix. These findings stem from revisiting the 17^th-century work Hortus Malabaricus by Hendrik van Rheede. The study resolves longstanding confusion about palms found across the Indian subcontinent and neighbouring regions.

70. Two new damselfly species have been identified in the Western Ghats. Researchers from Maharashtra and Kerala discovered the Konkan Shadowdamsel and Crimson Shadowdamsel. These species were earlier mistaken for an older known species. Their discovery marks the region’s unique biodiversity and the importance of preserving its habitats.

71. Gugga Naumi is a vibrant folk religious festival celebrated in northern India. The festival honours Gugga Pir, a folk deity believed to have the power to protect against snakebites. Celebrated annually in the Bhadrapad month, it marks the syncretic traditions of India, where people from different religions participate in shared cultural practices.

72. India is set to begin commercial production of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) at scale by December 2025. Indian Oil Corporation (IOC), the country’s largest fuel refiner and retailer, has received international certification for manufacturing SAF from used cooking oil at its Panipat refinery.

73. The riverine ecosystem of Dibru-Saikhowa National Park (DSNP) in eastern Assam is undergoing changes. A recent study reveals that native plants, along with invasive species, are transforming the park’s grassland landscape. DSNP is India’s only habitat for feral horses and a vital biodiversity hotspot. These changes threaten many endemic and endangered species.

74. Kerala’s Kozhikode district recently reported three consecutive cases of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). One victim, a nine-year-old girl, died. Two others, including a three-month-old infant, remain critically ill. This rare and often fatal brain infection is caused by Naegleria fowleri, commonly called the brain-eating amoeba.

Current Affair of August 2025

75. Snakebite envenoming remains a critical health challenge in India, especially in regions where the standard polyvalent antivenom is less effective. Recent calls from herpetologists and health experts emphasise the urgent need for region-specific antivenoms. This is particularly important in Northeastern India, where snake species differ from the ‘Big Four’ responsible for most deaths nationally.

76. India’s innovation landscape has undergone a remarkable transformation in recent years. For the first time in 2023, Indian-origin patent filings exceeded those from any other single foreign country within India. This milestone marks India’s shift from a technology consumer to a technology creator. The change reflects government policies, institutional support, and rising research capabilities.

77. The Election Commission of India (ECI) remains under scrutiny amid allegations of electoral fraud. Opposition parties are considering a motion to remove the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC). This has sparked renewed interest in the constitutional and legal framework governing the appointment and removal of the CEC.

78. Recent research has uncovered a genetic connection explaining the high tuberculosis (TB) rate among the Sahariya tribe of central India. This tribe, classified as a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG), faces TB rates far exceeding the national average. The study focused on the tribe’s unique maternal genetic markers and their possible role in TB susceptibility.

79. The 2025 monsoon season exposed the growing vulnerability of the Himalayan region to extreme weather events. Catastrophic cloudbursts in Uttarkashi and Kishtwar caused massive loss of life and infrastructure damage. Himachal Pradesh faced numerous cloudbursts, flash floods, and landslides, displacing thousands.

80. The Union Home Ministry recently clarified before the Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh High Court that the Lieutenant Governor (LG) of Jammu & Kashmir (J&K) can nominate five members to the J&K Legislative Assembly without consulting the Council of Ministers. This has raised questions about constitutional provisions and democratic principles in Union Territories (UTs) with legislatures.

81. Recent data from July 2025 shows a remarkable improvement in consumer grievance disposal rates across India. Ten States and the National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (NCDRC) reported disposal rates exceeding 100%. This means more cases were resolved than filed during this period.

82. India recently completed eight years of the Goods and Services Tax (GST). This milestone offers an opportunity to review its impact, particularly on tobacco taxation. GST has been a landmark reform, improving transparency and tax compliance. Yet, tobacco taxation under GST presents unique challenges balancing public health, revenue, and livelihoods.

83. The Constitution (One Hundred and Thirtieth Amendment) Bill, 2025, has recently stirred intense debate in the Indian Parliament. Amid uproar in the Lok Sabha, the Bill was referred to a Joint Parliamentary Committee for detailed examination. The Bill proposes changes to Article 75 of the Constitution, focusing on the disqualification of ministers detained for serious offences.

84. India’s urban landscape is evolving rapidly. The 2027 Census is expected to show over 60% of the population living in urban areas, up from 31% in 2011. Kerala’s urbanisation alone is projected to reach 96% by 2036. This surge marks the urgent need to modernise city infrastructure and funding models.

85. Mumbai experienced relentless heavy rains for four consecutive days in August 2025. The city recorded over 800 mm of rainfall, exceeding its monthly average by a large margin. This extreme weather disrupted daily life and caused damage across Maharashtra. Experts link the event to climate change and multiple aligned weather systems.

86. The problem of child stunting in India remains public health challenge. Despite the launch of the POSHAN Abhiyaan in 2018 aiming to reduce stunting by 2% points annually, the reduction has been minimal. The 2025 data reveals that 37% of children under five are stunted, only slightly lower than the 38.4% recorded in 2016. This slow progress marks deep-rooted systemic issues affecting child nutrition and growth.

87. The Ministry of Home Affairs approved the renaming of Jalalabad town in Shahjahanpur district, Uttar Pradesh, to Parashurampuri in 2025. This decision reflects a move to honour the region’s cultural and religious heritage linked to Lord Parashuram, the sixth avatar of Vishnu.

88. The Kalai-II Hydroelectric Project in Arunachal Pradesh is moving forward with recent public hearings held for environmental clearance. The 1,200 MW project is planned on the Lohit River in Anjaw district and is developed by THDC India Limited. This initiative is part of efforts to boost sustainable energy and regional development in Northeast India.

89. The 2025 Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of Bihar’s electoral rolls has led to the deletion of nearly 3.5 million migrant voters. These migrants were labelled as permanently migrated due to their absence during house-to-house verification. This move threatens to exclude millions from the democratic process both at their workplaces and home constituencies.

90. India’s aviation safety framework faces critical challenges as passenger traffic rapidly grows. A recent parliamentary report has brought into light systemic lapses and urgent reform needs following the Air India Express AI171 crash. The report warns that regulatory and operational strains risk future disasters without immediate action.

91. Kerala recently achieved a landmark in India’s digital journey by becoming the first fully digitally literate State. This milestone marks the successful completion of the first phase of the Digi Kerala project. The initiative aimed to bridge the digital divide by equipping citizens with basic digital skills.

92. India achieved a major milestone in August 2025 by being elected Chairman of the Executive Board of the Asia-Pacific Institute for Broadcasting Development (AIBD). The election took place during the 23^rd AIBD General Conference held in Phuket, Thailand. India secured the highest number of votes, marking its return to the top leadership role after nearly a decade.

93. The Sundarbans Tiger Reserve (STR) in West Bengal expanded in August 2025. The National Board of Wildlife (NBWL) approved the addition of 1,044.68 square kilometres to the reserve. This decision makes STR the second-largest tiger reserve in India, covering 3,629.57 square kilometres, just behind Andhra Pradesh’s Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve.

94. India’s Parliament passed five landmark maritime bills in the Monsoon Session of 2025. These laws overhaul colonial-era regulations and aim to modernise the blue economy. The reforms focus on improving trade efficiency, environmental safeguards, and coastal shipping. They align India’s maritime sector with global standards under the Maritime Amrit Kaal Vision 2047.

95. The University Grants Commission (UGC) in 2025 released a draft Learning Outcomes-based Curriculum Framework (LOCF) for multiple disciplines. The framework aims to integrate Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS) into subjects like anthropology, chemistry, commerce, economics, geography, home science, mathematics, physical education, and political science.

96. The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) recently revised its definition of tiger corridors. This change narrows the corridors to only 32 least cost pathways identified in 2014. This move comes shortly after the NTCA had acknowledged multiple scientific studies and parameters in identifying tiger corridors.

97. India’s domestic tourism sector is witnessing rapid growth. The homestay market is expanding fast, driven by travellers seeking authentic cultural experiences. Recently, NITI Aayog released the report ‘Rethinking Homestays – Navigating Policy Pathways’ to guide policy reforms and promote sustainable homestay development.

98. India faces urgent challenges in enhancing its workforce productivity amid a volatile global economy. Recent government reforms aim to boost domestic demand and investment. Central to this effort is a critical overhaul of the Vocational Education and Training (VET) system. The existing VET framework struggles with low enrolment and poor employment outcomes.

99. The debate over voter roll transparency in India has intensified in 2025. The Opposition demands that the Election Commission (EC) provide machine-readable electoral rolls to all political parties. This demand follows allegations of ‘vote theft’ and concerns about duplicate and irregular entries in voter lists.

100. The Government of India has scaled up the distribution of fortified rice under various food safety net programmes by March 2024. This move is part of the Anemia Mukt Bharat (AMB) initiative launched in 2018 to combat micronutrient deficiencies, especially anaemia. The Union Cabinet has approved the continuation of universal fortified rice supply till December 2028 with full government funding amounting to Rs. 17,082 crore.

101. India is witnessing shift in agriculture with the rise of biostimulants. These natural products help plants withstand climate stress, improve nutrient uptake, and boost yields without synthetic chemicals. This change aligns with India’s goals for sustainable farming and global export growth.

102. India’s tourism sector received a major boost in 2025 with the implementation of the Special Assistance to States for Capital Investment (SASCI) scheme. The Ministry of Tourism sanctioned 40 projects worth Rs. 3,295.76 crore to develop iconic tourist centres across 23 states. These projects are fully funded by the central government and aim to enhance the end-to-end tourist experience while promoting responsible tourism.

103. Bloom Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder with fewer than 300 cases reported worldwide. Recently, a 12-year-old girl in Chennai underwent a bone marrow transplant using stem cells from her younger brother, marking medical intervention in India. This disorder affects DNA repair mechanisms, leading to multiple health challenges and a high risk of cancer.

104. Nepal officially joined the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) in August 2025. This India-led global initiative focuses on the conservation of seven big cat species. Nepal’s diverse wildlife includes the snow leopard, tiger and common leopard. Its membership strengthens international cooperation to protect these iconic animals.

105. Recent developments in 2025 mark a very important moment in India-China relations. Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit to China for the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) summit in Tianjin is the first since the Galwan Valley clash. Beyond diplomatic recalibration, this visit aims to encourage cooperation on artificial intelligence (AI) governance.

106. India has recently established a National Designated Authority (NDA) to manage carbon emissions trading under the 2015 Paris Agreement. This move follows the finalisation of Article 6 at the 29^th UN Climate Change Conference of Parties (COP29) held in Baku, Azerbaijan in November 2024.

107. India marked milestone in green mobility with the launch of Maruti Suzuki’s first battery electric vehicle (BEV), the e-VITARA, and a lithium-ion battery production facility in Hansalpur, Gujarat. Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the event, denoting India’s growing role in sustainable transportation and the Make in India initiative.

Current Affair of August 2025

108. The Indian automobile sector faces growing challenges due to China’s tightened control over rare earth metals. These metals are vital for manufacturing electric vehicles and advanced automotive components. The situation exposes vulnerabilities in global supply chains and marks India’s dependence on Chinese rare earth exports.

109. Recent data reveal an alarming rise in hysterectomy surgeries among Indian women, especially those aged 30 to 40. This trend is most pronounced in states like Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Bihar, and Gujarat. The surgery, often performed to treat menstrual disorders and uterine conditions, is increasingly done at younger ages, posing health risks.

110. The Adi Karmayogi initiative launched in 2025 aims to build a cadre of 20 lakh change leaders in tribal villages across India. The Tribal Affairs Ministry is driving this programme under the Dharti Aba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyaan to improve last-mile delivery of welfare schemes. The focus is on participatory problem-solving and motivation among officials and community members.

111. The Supreme Court of India recently examined the discretionary powers of Governors under Article 200 of the Constitution. This followed concerns about Governors delaying assent to crucial State Bills for years. The Court questioned why judicial review applies to Governor’s reports under Article 356 for President’s Rule but not to their actions under Article 200. This has sparked debate on the balance of powers between the judiciary, Governors, and the Centre.

112. The Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Bill, 2025, recently introduced in the Lok Sabha, marks the second phase of legal reform by the Government of India. Building on the 2023 legislation, this Bill aims to decriminalise and rationalise numerous offences across 16 central laws.

113. The Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying (DAHD) has introduced a Revised National Action Plan on Glanders in 2025. This plan aims to enhance the surveillance, prevention, control, and eradication of glanders, a contagious and often fatal disease affecting equines. The update reflects a focused approach to animal health security and One Health preparedness in India.

114. The 2025 Athachamayam procession marked the vibrant beginning of Kerala’s 10-day Onam festival. Held in Tripunithura, the former royal town, the event was graced by bright sunshine, enhancing the festive spirit. Thousands gathered to witness a spectacular parade blending tradition, culture, and modern themes.

115. India has taken a major stride in semiconductor manufacturing with the inauguration of one of the country’s first end-to-end Semiconductor OSAT (Outsourced Semiconductor Assembly and Test) Pilot Line Facility. Located in Sanand, Gujarat, this facility marks milestone in India’s ambition to become self-reliant in semiconductor design and production.

116. The Index of Industrial Production (IIP) for July 2025 showed a growth rate of 3.5% compared to July 2024. This marks an improvement over June 2025’s quick estimate of 1.5%. The IIP reflects the performance of three main sectors – Mining, Manufacturing, and Electricity.

117. India is set to launch a Rs. 25,000 crore Export Promotion Mission (EPM) from 2025 to 2031. This flagship initiative aims to support exporters amid rising global trade challenges, including the recent hike in US tariffs on Indian goods. The mission focuses on easing credit access and enhancing export capabilities, especially for micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs).

118. Recent developments in 2025 have seen the Union Cabinet approve several major railway infrastructure projects across India. These projects aim to improve connectivity, boost freight capacity, and support regional economic growth. The initiatives span multiple states and include new lines and multi-tracking on existing routes, enhancing passenger and goods transport.

119. Recent studies reveal climate change effects on the Gangotri Glacier System (GGS), important Himalayan glacier feeding the Ganga river. Data from 1980 to 2020 show reduced snowmelt due to rising temperatures and changing precipitation patterns. This has altered the glacier’s hydrology, with implications for water availability, agriculture, and hydropower in northern India.

120. Access to safe water and sanitation remains a critical challenge worldwide in 2025. A recent report by the World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF marks that while progress has been made since 2000, large inequalities persist. Low-income countries face the greatest difficulties in eliminating open defecation and ensuring safely managed water and sanitation.

121. India’s coal sector remains vital for power generation despite a shift towards renewable energy. Recently, experts brought into light the urgent need to assess coal-bearing areas not only for environmental damage but also for health impacts on local populations. A recent report based on National Green Tribunal (NGT) cases reveals ongoing challenges in regulating coal mining and thermal power operations.

122. India’s education landscape is rapidly evolving. A recent government survey shows that nearly one in three students now attend private coaching or tuition beyond regular school hours. This trend, known as shadow schooling, is reshaping how children learn, especially in urban areas. The Comprehensive Modular Survey (CMS) conducted by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation reveals stark contrasts between rural and urban education patterns, costs, and funding sources.

123. The State Energy Efficiency Index (SEEI) 2024, released by the Union Ministry of Power, ranks Maharashtra first among 36 states and Union Territories (UTs) for fiscal year 2023-24. The index evaluates energy efficiency across multiple sectors and provides insights to accelerate India’s journey towards net-zero emissions by 2070 and a 45% reduction in emissions intensity by 2030.

124. The Tamil Nadu Forest Department has established a second dedicated ‘Mahout Village’ at Kozhikamuthi elephant camp in the Anamalai Tiger Reserve (ATR). This initiative follows the success of the first Mahout Village at Theppakadu in the Mudumalai Tiger Reserve.

125. Recent developments in Assam have brought renewed attention to Maharaja Prithu, a 13^th-century ruler credited with resisting Turko-Afghan invasions in the region. The Assam Cabinet recently named a key flyover in Guwahati after Prithu, denoting his role as a symbol of Assam’s historical defence of Indian civilisation.

126. Recent studies reveal that rainfall changes in India expected by 2040 are already occurring. This shows accelerated global warming is impacting monsoon patterns sooner than predicted. The frequency of extreme rainfall events is rising sharply. Current climate models lag behind these rapid changes.

127. Delhi has been experiencing severe heat stress in recent years. The year 2025 recorded the hottest February and March on record. Summers have remained scorching with temperatures soaring above 45°C for multiple days. The India Meteorological Department issued several heatwave alerts, signalling an urgent public health and infrastructure challenge.

128. Uttarakhand’s forest department approved the Border Roads Organisation (BRO) plan to build the Netala bypass. This road is part of the larger Char Dham infrastructure project. The approval allows the use of 17.5 hectares of forest land in the fragile Bhagirathi eco-sensitive zone. The decision has caused widespread protests from environmentalists and local communities.

129. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) released a report in 2025 analysing the implementation of the Forest Rights Act (FRA) in India. The report marks the need for a consensus on a sunset clause to set an end date for recognising and vesting rights under the FRA. The FRA, enacted in 2006, aims to recognise rights of Scheduled Tribes and other traditional forest dwellers over forest land and resources.

130. The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) recently authorised eight agencies as Digital Connectivity Rating Agencies (DCRAs). This move follows the implementation of the “Rating of Properties for Digital Connectivity Regulations, 2024”. The registrations are valid for five years from 27^th August 2025.

International

1. The European Commission introduced a new fast-track Schengen visa system for Indian travellers. This “cascade” system rewards applicants with a clean visa history by offering long-term, multiple-entry visas. It simplifies travel across 29 European countries in the Schengen Area. The scheme aims to strengthen people-to-people contacts and facilitate easier movement for trusted travellers.

2. The Barbados threadsnake, the world’s smallest-known snake, was rediscovered in 2025 after nearly two decades without a confirmed sighting. This tiny, elusive reptile had been feared extinct. Its rediscovery has renewed interest in the island’s unique biodiversity and the urgent need to protect endangered habitats.

3. Silver-backed chevrotain was rediscovered in Vietnam after nearly 30 years without confirmed sightings. This tiny, elusive mammal was captured on camera traps in the Greater Annamites ecoregion, signalling a vital breakthrough in efforts to protect endangered species. The finding marks the importance of combining modern technology with local knowledge to safeguard biodiversity.

4. The Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA) enforced the Stablecoins Ordinance starting 1^st August 2025. This new law aims to regulate stablecoins, a type of cryptocurrency linked to assets like fiat currencies. The move follows rising global interest in stablecoins for finance and trade. It sets clear rules for issuers and protects investors from unregulated risks.

5. The World Bank’s income classification system remains a key tool for comparing countries by income. Updated annually, it sorts countries into four groups based on gross national income (GNI) per capita. This system helps researchers and policymakers understand global economic diversity clearly and consistently.

6. El Salvador’s National Assembly approved constitutional reforms recently, allowing indefinite presidential reelection and extending presidential terms from five to six years. The changes, driven by President Nayib Bukele’s New Ideas party, remove the ban on multiple presidential terms and eliminate the second round of elections.

7. The World Health Organisation (WHO) has recently reclassified hepatitis D as a carcinogenic virus. This decision marks the urgent need to prevent viral hepatitis, which remains global health challenge. Hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection, especially when combined with hepatitis B virus (HBV), greatly increases the risk of liver cancer and severe liver disease.

8. The University of the Witwatersrand in South Africa has launched an innovative anti-poaching campaign. It uses radioactive isotopes injected into rhino horns. This method aims to make horns traceable and deter illegal trafficking. The initiative follows six years of research and testing. It is supported by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).

9. The intestinal microbiome of the indri lemur, a critically endangered species native to Madagascar, has been analysed for the first time. This study reveals unique bacterial species and social transmission patterns. It offers new perspectives on conservation efforts.

10. The Colorado River faces a severe water shortage as demand exceeds supply. Recently, Arizona proposed a new method to allocate water based on actual river flows. This marks shift from historic fixed apportionments. However, political and legal challenges remain as the seven basin states and Mexico negotiate future water sharing.

11. Modern battles increasingly depend on jets, missiles, and drones operating without large troop deployments. Satellite navigation systems such as GPS (USA), Glonass (Russia), Galileo (EU), and BeiDou (China) play a critical role in guiding these platforms over long distances. However, adversaries now target these satellite signals through jamming, spoofing, and meaconing to disrupt navigation. Among these, the Quantum Magnetic Navigation System (QMNS) has emerged as a promising solution.

12. The Third United Nations Conference on Landlocked Developing Countries (LLDC3) convened in Awaza, Turkmenistan in 2025. It gathered global leaders and experts to address challenges unique to 32 landlocked developing countries. These nations, home to over 600 million people, face barriers in trade, infrastructure, and economic growth due to their lack of sea access.

13. The Great Barrier Reef (GBR) has experienced its most severe loss of hard coral cover in nearly 40 years. The 2024 mass coral bleaching event, driven by climate change-induced heat stress, cyclones and crown-of-thorns starfish outbreaks, devastated large parts of the reef. An annual survey by the Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS) revealed that nearly half of the surveyed reefs showed a decline in coral cover.

14. India ranked 67^th globally in the mid-2025 Numbeo Safety Index with a score of 55.8. Abu Dhabi leads as the world’s safest city with a score of 88.8 for the ninth year running. Other Middle Eastern cities like Doha, Dubai, and Sharjah also feature in the top five. Taiwan’s Taipei ranks fifth globally. The UAE ranks second among countries overall.

15. The Sea of Galilee in Israel displayed an unusual red hue over several days. Israeli authorities have investigated and explained the phenomenon as a natural occurrence linked to algae growth. The event marks growing concerns about climate change and its impact on freshwater ecosystems worldwide.

16. Turkey recently suspended all shipping traffic through the Dardanelles Strait due to extensive forest fires in the Canakkale province. The Ministry of Transport announced the temporary closure, affecting the usual flow of about 100 ships daily. This event marks the strait’s ongoing strategic and environmental significance.

17. The FAO Food Price Index (FFPI) increased to 130.1 points in July 2025. This rise of 1.6% from June was mainly due to higher international prices of meat and vegetable oils. Despite this monthly growth, the index remains 18.8% below its March 2022 peak. It is, however, 7.6% above July 2024 levels.

18. The ongoing trade dispute between India and the United States has escalated. The U.S. imposed a 25% penalty tariff on Indian goods due to India’s continued import of Russian oil. This came after failed Free Trade Agreement (FTA) negotiations and earlier reciprocal tariffs by the U.S. India has yet to retaliate officially but faces economic and diplomatic challenges.

19. The World Health Organisation (WHO) recently certified Kenya as having eliminated human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), commonly known as sleeping sickness, as a public health problem. Kenya is the 10^th African country to achieve this milestone. This success marks another step towards eradicating neglected tropical diseases across Africa.

20. The India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) was launched in 2023 to enhance trade and connectivity between India, the Arabian Gulf, and Europe. It aims to reduce shipping time by 40% compared to traditional routes. However, recent geopolitical conflicts in the Middle East have stalled its progress.

21. Recent developments in 2025 show NASA’s Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO) missions are at risk of termination. The Trump administration’s budget proposal for the 2026 fiscal year excludes funding for these satellites. Despite their critical role in climate monitoring, NASA plans to end the missions citing budget priorities.

22. The aviation sector faces a critical shortage of skilled personnel in 2025. Two main approaches have emerged at the 42^nd ICAO Assembly to address this issue. The European Union advocates expanding the talent pool and improving career appeal. India proposes a global Code of Conduct to regulate the international recruitment of its trained aviation staff.

23. Tropical forests remain central to the planet’s climate system in 2025. Despite their vital role, these ecosystems face unprecedented destruction. Their loss threatens global climate stability, biodiversity, and human livelihoods. Studying tropical forest’s climate functions, causes of deforestation, and restoration efforts is essential for sustainable future policies.

24. Recent research has uncovered gigantic mud waves nearly a kilometre beneath the Atlantic seabed west of Guinea-Bissau. These structures date back 117 million years and were sculpted by dense underwater avalanches. The findings reveal that early Atlantic waters carved through the Earth’s crust much earlier than previously thought.

Current Affair of August 2025

25. Recent discoveries in Sulawesi, Indonesia, have pushed back the timeline of early human habitation in the Wallacea region to about 1.5 million years ago. Archaeologists unearthed stone tools that suggest Homo erectus lived on islands between Asia and Australia far earlier than previously believed. This challenges existing views on early human migration and sea travel capabilities.

26. Recent incidents have brought into light the growing challenge posed by jellyfish swarms to nuclear power plants. Recently, France’s Gravelines Nuclear Power Station temporarily shut down multiple reactors after jellyfish clogged its cooling system. This event is part of a rising trend where marine life disrupts critical infrastructure.

27. The 2025 US-Russia summit in Alaska ended without a ceasefire agreement for Ukraine. Russian President Vladimir Putin emerged politically stronger while US President Donald Trump showed no immediate follow-up on sanctions or concrete outcomes. The talks drew global attention, especially from India, which closely watched the implications for its trade and energy security amid ongoing US sanctions related to Russian oil imports.

28. Recent advances in synthetic biology and bioelectrochemistry have led to the development of self-powered chemical sensors using genetically engineered bacteria. Researchers from Imperial College London and Zhejiang University have created living biosensors that convert chemical signals into electrical outputs.

29. The India-United Kingdom Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) of 2025 marks step in digital trade cooperation. Chapter 12 of the deal focuses on digital trade, balancing access with regulatory oversight. This compact opens new avenues for business while raising questions about digital sovereignty.

30. Recent research reveals that mariners navigating the Bering Strait are largely adhering to the 2018 shipping guidelines. These guidelines, established through a joint U.S.-Russia initiative under the International Maritime Organization (IMO), promote safe and environmentally responsible transit in this sensitive Arctic region.

31. Recent research has revealed a universal pattern in how biodiversity arranges itself within the world’s major biogeographical regions. This discovery challenges earlier assumptions that species distribution inside each region would be unique and unrelated to others. The study analysed over 30,000 species from various taxa across the globe.

32. The World Health Organization (WHO) has officially declared Nepal free of rubella, marking public health achievement. This milestone marks Nepal’s persistent efforts to protect its population from vaccine-preventable diseases despite challenges like the COVID-19 pandemic and natural disasters.

33. The sliteye shark has been recorded for the first time in the Great Chagos Bank. This coral atoll is the largest of its kind globally. The discovery reveals the rich and largely unexplored biodiversity of the Chagos Archipelago and its Marine Protected Area. Researchers captured images of the shark in deep seagrass habitats on the southern rim of the Bank.

34. The 30^th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP 30) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is scheduled for November 2025 in Belem, Brazil. This meeting is critical as global climate mitigation efforts face renewed challenges.

35. South Korea and the United States commenced their annual large-scale joint military exercise, Ulchi Freedom Shield. This 11-day drill involves 21,000 troops, including 18,000 South Koreans. It aims to enhance preparedness against threats from nuclear-armed North Korea.

36. The world is witnessing a positive shift in the fight against hunger. The latest data shows a decline in global undernourishment from 688 million in 2023 to 673 million in 2024. India has been a key player in this progress. Its efforts in food security and nutrition have helped reduce hunger amid pandemic challenges.

37. The August 2025 Alaska Summit between United States President Donald Trump and Russian President Vladimir Putin marked moment in global diplomacy. However, its impact on India’s foreign policy and bilateral ties with the US and Russia remains complex and uncertain. India’s strategic interests faced challenges as the summit failed to produce clear outcomes beneficial to New Delhi.

38. India announced the resumption of border trade with China through the Lipulekh Pass in Uttarakhand. Nepal objected strongly, claiming the area as its territory. India rejected Nepal’s objections citing historical evidence and long-standing trade practices since 1954. The dispute involves the tri-junction region of Kalapani, Limpiyadhura, and Lipulekh, which Nepal includes in its official map and constitution.

39. Recent research has uncovered that the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibits bistable gene expression, a phenomenon where identical cells show different levels of gene activity. This discovery sheds light on how this deadly pathogen adapts and survives in hostile environments such as hospitals.

40. Iran conducted its first major naval exercise since the June 2025 conflict with Israel. The two-day drill, named Sustainable Power 1404, took place in the Gulf of Oman and the northern Indian Ocean. It involved missile launches from warships targeting sea-based objectives.

41. The Gaza Strip faces an unprecedented famine crisis in 2025. Over half a million people are trapped in conditions marked by extreme hunger, starvation, and preventable deaths. The situation is deteriorating rapidly with famine spreading from Gaza City to neighbouring governorates. United Nations agencies have issued urgent calls for an immediate ceasefire and full humanitarian access to prevent further loss of life.

42. The reimposition of tariffs by Donald Trump in 2025 has become a defining feature of his second presidential term. Seven months into his return to office, these tariffs have altered the economic landscape of the United States. Despite initial claims of economic resilience, the broader effects on inflation, growth, employment, and currency strength reveal a more complex reality.

43. Recent studies reveal that the pace of Arctic sea ice loss has slowed over the past two decades. This slowdown is temporary and linked to natural climate variability rather than a reversal of global warming trends. Scientists warn that the melting will accelerate again, possibly exceeding previous rates.

44. Recent developments indicate a positive shift in India-China border trade relations. China has agreed in principle to reopen the Shipki-La trade route in Himachal Pradesh’s Kinnaur district. This follows diplomatic engagement during Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi’s visit to India. The route’s reopening is part of broader discussions to resume trade through all three designated border points between the two countries.

45. The United States recently confirmed its first human case of New World screwworm infestation. The case involved a traveller from El Salvador and was identified in early August 2025. Authorities say the risk to public health remains low. This event marks the potential reemergence of a parasite once eradicated from the region.

46. Recent research reveals that invasive plants and animals have cost the world economy over $2.2 trillion since 1960. This figure is 16 times higher than previous estimates. The study uses data from InvaCost, a comprehensive public database, and marks underreporting, especially in countries like India.

47. The United Nations has recently launched the Global Mechanism (GM) for Cyberspace. This permanent international forum aims to promote responsible state behaviour in cyberspace. It focuses on norms, international law, capacity building and confidence-building measures. The GM was established after 27 years of complex diplomacy.

48. The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) has taken a decisive step in 2025 to enhance global cooperation on artificial intelligence (AI) governance. Two new institutional mechanisms were established – the United Nations Independent International Scientific Panel on AI and the Global Dialogue on AI Governance. These initiatives aim to address the rapid growth of AI technologies and their complex social, economic, and ethical impacts.

49. The 1020 MW Punatsangchhu-II Hydroelectric Project in Bhutan has been successfully completed with the synchronisation of its final unit to the national power grid in 2025. This milestone marks advancement in India-Bhutan bilateral cooperation in clean energy.

50. Japan has recently released an AI-generated video simulating an eruption of Mount Fuji. The video depicts ash clouds covering Tokyo, disrupting transport and communication, and causing power outages. It advises residents to prepare by stocking food and wearing protective gear.

51. The Daruma doll is cultural symbol in Japan, recently brought into light during Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit to the country. Presented by Rev Seishi Hirose, chief priest of Daruma-ji temple, the doll embodies perseverance, good luck and goal-setting. Rooted in history and spirituality, the Daruma doll connects Japan’s Zen Buddhist traditions with Indian origins.

52. The United States ended its century-old De Minimis exemption on 29^th August 2025. This rule allowed shipments valued under $800 per person per day to enter the US without duty or tax. The change has disrupted postal and e-commerce trade between India and the US. India Post suspended most mail services to the US from 25^th August 2025.

53. The Myanmar military government declared the Karen National Union (KNU) a terrorist organisation in August 2025. This move criminalises nearly all activities linked to the KNU, including contact by third parties. The KNU is a major ethnic rebel group that has fought for autonomy since Myanmar’s independence in 1948.

54. Recent research has confirmed the presence of the rare dragonfly species Crocothemis erythraea in the high-elevation areas of the southern Western Ghats. Earlier, this species was often confused with the widespread lowland species Crocothemis servilia.

55. Recent data from 2025 reveals a complex picture of global greenhouse gas emissions. While some countries like India and China have reduced emissions in their power sectors, overall global emissions have increased. The main driver remains the continued heavy reliance on fossil fuels, especially in the United States.

Defence

1. The Indian Army launched Operation Shiv Shakti in the Poonch sector of Jammu and Kashmir. The operation successfully eliminated two terrorists attempting infiltration across the Line of Control (LoC). This came shortly after Operation Mahadev neutralised three terrorists involved in the deadly 22^nd April Pahalgam attack that killed 26 civilians.

2. India’s Chief of Defence Staff, General Anil Chauhan, formally released declassified Joint Doctrines for Cyberspace Operations and Amphibious Operations. This move enhances transparency and promotes wider understanding of integrated war-fighting concepts.

3. Recent developments show a sharp decline in ideologically-driven Naxalite militancy in India. This contrasts with persistent and evolving global terrorism threats, especially those inspired by groups like Islamic State (IS). The rise of Artificial Intelligence (AI) adds complexity and danger to future terror scenarios worldwide. India’s internal security dynamics, however, indicate a nearing end to one of its longest militant insurgencies.

4. The 14^th edition of the India-Thailand joint military exercise Maitree is scheduled from 1^st to 14^th September 2025. It will be held at the Foreign Training Node in Umroi, Meghalaya. This exercise returns to Indian soil after five years. It aims to enhance the operational capabilities of both armies in counter-terrorism operations in semi-urban terrain under the United Nations mandate.

5. The Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) has introduced its first all-women commando unit in 2025. This initiative aims to enhance gender parity in frontline security roles. The unit is currently undergoing intensive training at the Regional Training Centre in Barwaha, Madhya Pradesh.

6. The Sudarshan Chakra mission was announced as India’s indigenous multi-layered air defence system. It aims to protect strategic, civilian, and national sites from enemy aerial threats. The project integrates advanced technologies and a whole-of-nation approach to ensure robust national security.

7. The Indian Army, as part of its Decade of Transformation, has launched the Terrier Cyber Quest 2025. This national-level challenge aims to tackle real defence and cybersecurity threats. The event is held in New Delhi with collaboration from IIT Madras, the Indian Army Research Cell (IARC) and CyberPeace.

8. India is deploying over 700 personnel from its Armed Forces and Headquarters Integrated Defence Staff to participate in Exercise Bright Star 2025. Held in Egypt from 28^th August to 10^th September, this 19^th edition is among the largest multinational military drills in the Middle East and North Africa. The event includes 43 countries, with 13 sending troops and 30 acting as observers.

9. India has recently revealed three joint military doctrines. These focus on Special Forces (SF) operations, airborne and heliborne operations, and multi-domain operations. The move aims to enhance jointness and integration among the Indian Army, Navy, and Air Force. It marks a key step towards the creation of theatre commands and modernised operational readiness.

10. India recently conducted the maiden flight test of its all-indigenous Integrated Air Defence Weapon System (IADWS) off the coast of Odisha. This new system is designed to detect and destroy enemy aircraft, drones and missiles at ranges up to 35 km. The test demonstrated India’s growing capability in layered air defence technology and system integration.

11. The Indian Army’s Spear Corps and the Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) conducted a major joint firepower exercise named Achook Prahar in central Arunachal Pradesh from 25^th to 28^th August 2025. This drill tested their combat readiness and operational synergy under simulated battlefield conditions.

Business, Economy & Banking

1. India’s digital payments ecosystem has witnessed leap in 2025. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) announced that its Digital Payments Index (RBI-DPI) reached 493.22 in March 2025. This marks a strong rise from 465.33 in September 2024. The RBI-DPI tracks the growth and extent of digital payment adoption across the country. It marks the rapid digital transformation in both urban and rural India.

2. The Banking Laws (Amendment) Act, 2025 came into effect on 1^st August 2025. This act introduces key reforms across five major banking legislations. It aims to improve governance, protect depositors, and enhance audit quality in India’s banking sector. The amendments reflect the need to modernise rules that have remained unchanged for decades.

3. India Post Payments Bank (IPPB) has introduced Aadhaar-based face authentication for customer transactions across India. This new feature allows users to verify their identity using facial recognition technology. It aims to make banking more inclusive, especially for the elderly and differently-abled who face difficulties with fingerprint or OTP verification.

4. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) introduced two major features on its Retail Direct platform in August 2025. These are the Systematic Investment Plan (SIP) for Treasury Bills (T-Bills) and an auto-bidding facility. Both aim to simplify and encourage retail investment in government securities. This move enhances access to short-term government debt instruments for individual investors.

5. India faces a massive challenge in financing its climate goals. The country aims for net zero emissions by 2070. Achieving this requires $10 to $12.5 trillion in investment over the next 25 to 45 years. Additionally, climate adaptation demands about 2.5% of GDP annually by 2030. Mobilising such vast funds is critical for a successful green transition.

Current Affair of August 2025

6. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in 2025 released a key report from the Internal Working Group (IWG) reviewing the liquidity management framework. This report addresses challenges in managing liquidity which is central to effective monetary policy. The RBI aims to improve operations to ensure smoother control over short-term interest rates and better market stability.

7. The New Development Bank (NDB), founded by the BRICS nations-Brazil, Russia, China and South Africa – has appointed Dr. Rajiv Ranjan as its vice president and chief risk officer. Dr. Ranjan’s extensive experience in central banking and international finance is expected to enhance the NDB’s role in global development finance.

Science & Technology

1. The International Space Station (ISS) has recently integrated advanced artificial intelligence (AI) robots to assist astronauts during extended missions. Key among these is Cimon, an AI-powered companion designed to ease crew workload and improve operational efficiency. Alongside Cimon, NASA’s Astrobee robots support various station tasks, marking a new era of human-machine collaboration in space.

2. Recent efforts in Chile focus on saving the endangered Darwin’s frog. This tiny amphibian is known for its unique reproductive behaviour and distinctive leaf-like skin. The Chilean government has launched a campaign to protect its habitats and increase its population. The initiative involves collaboration with private landowners and aims to expand the frog’s living areas.

3. India’s wind energy sector saw rapid growth in early 2025, adding 3.5 gigawatts (GW) of capacity. This was an 82% increase from the previous year, raising the total installed capacity to 51.3 GW. Despite this progress, wind energy remains far below its potential. The National Institute of Wind Energy estimates India’s gross wind power potential at 1163.9 GW at 150 metres above ground.

4. Recent concerns have emerged over the spread of misinformation related to Sikhism through Artificial Intelligence (AI) platforms. The Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (SGPC) has called on the Indian Union Government to establish a clear policy to prevent such distortions. The SGPC has also reached out to major AI companies requesting immediate corrective actions to protect the sanctity of Sikh religious teachings.

5. The Pacific coast has witnessed a catastrophic decline in sea star populations since 2013. Over 5 billion sea stars have perished due to a wasting disease that causes rapid deterioration and death. Scientists have now identified the cause, marking a breakthrough in marine ecology and conservation efforts.

6. The IndiaAI Independent Business Division (IBD), in partnership with the National Cancer Grid (NCG), launched the Cancer AI & Technology Challenge (CATCH) Grant Program in 2025. This initiative aims to accelerate the development and adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI) solutions to improve cancer care in India.

7. Albedo is a measure of the proportion of incoming sunlight that is reflected by a surface. It is a fundamental concept in climate science, influencing the Earth’s energy balance, surface temperatures, and feedback processes such as ice-albedo interactions. Variations in albedo occur naturally and through human activity, making it an important parameter in understanding and mitigating climate change.

8. Recent research in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre has revealed a giant virus named PelV-1. This virus infects the plankton Pelagodinium and possesses a tail far longer than any previously identified. Measuring 2.3 micrometres, the tail is about 19 times the length of the coronavirus that causes COVID-19.

9. Artificial intelligence (AI) has recently enabled scientists to create two new antibiotics capable of killing drug-resistant bacteria such as gonorrhoea and MRSA. This breakthrough comes amid a global health crisis caused by antimicrobial resistance, which leads to over one million deaths annually. Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) used generative AI algorithms to rapidly screen thousands of molecules.

10. India’s space programme is rapidly advancing with landmark missions like Chandrayaan-3 and the upcoming Gaganyaan. However, alongside technological progress, the nation is focusing on building a robust legal framework for space activities. This legal groundwork is crucial for sustainable, responsible, and secure space exploration and commercialisation.

11. NASA launched Surya, an advanced artificial intelligence model designed to transform space weather prediction. Developed alongside IBM and trained on nine years of Solar Dynamics Observatory data, Surya offers early and accurate forecasts of solar flares and eruptions. These solar events can disrupt satellites, power grids, aviation, and GPS systems on Earth.

12. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is advancing its space capabilities with the development of its heaviest rocket, the Lunar Module Launch Vehicle (LMLV). Expected to be ready by 2035, this rocket will support lunar missions, including India’s first crewed Moon mission planned for 2040. The LMLV will carry up to 27 tonnes to the Moon and 80 tonnes to low Earth orbit (LEO).

13. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) achieved milestone on 24^th August 2025 by successfully conducting its first Integrated Air Drop Test (IADT-1). This test is crucial for the Gaganyaan mission, India’s maiden human spaceflight programme. This achievement marks a key step towards human-rating India’s spaceflight launch and recovery systems.

14. Recent research has revealed a unique quadruple star system in our galaxy. Named UPM J1040−3551 AabBab, it consists of two cold brown dwarfs orbiting a pair of young red dwarf stars. This rare configuration has never been observed before. The finding promises new vital information about the nature of brown dwarfs and star formation.

15. India’s Science and Technology Minister Jitendra Singh launched the National Biofoundry Network in August 2025. This initiative aims to accelerate biotechnology innovation, scale up biomanufacturing, and create jobs. The move supports India’s growing bioeconomy, which expanded from $10 billion in 2014 to $165.7 billion in 2024. The government targets $300 billion by 2030.

16. Recent advances in artificial intelligence have seen the development of a new brain-inspired AI model called the Hierarchical Reasoning Model (HRM). Created by researchers at Sapient in Singapore, HRM challenges the conventional large language model (LLM) architecture used by AI giants like OpenAI and Anthropic.

Government Schemes

1. The Odisha government has announced plans to introduce tigers into Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary in Bargarh district. This move aims to revive the big cat population in the state. The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) has granted technical permission to convert Debrigarh into a tiger reserve. Once completed, the government will initiate steps for tiger relocation.

2. The Union government has approved the establishment of PM Ekta Malls in 27 states under the ‘One District, One Product’ (ODOP) initiative. This move aims to promote indigenous products, Geographical Indication (GI)-tagged items and local handicrafts through dedicated retail spaces. Nearly Rs. 4,796 crore was sanctioned for these projects in the fiscal year 2023-24.

3. The Maharashtra government inaugurated the nation’s first AI-powered Anganwadi centre in Waddhamna village, Nagpur district. This pilot project under Mission Bal Bharari introduces advanced digital tools to early childhood education in rural India. It aims to bridge the rural-urban education divide by offering immersive and technology-driven learning experiences to underprivileged children.

4. The Government of India launched the ‘Apna Ghar’ initiative to improve the safety and well-being of truck drivers during long journeys. ‘Apna Ghar’ units offer dormitory-style accommodation with 4,611 beds. Facilities include clean toilets, dedicated bathing areas, and purified drinking water.

5. The Assam government has intensified its efforts to eliminate child marriage by 2026. Chief Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma recently launched the second edition of the ‘Nijut Moina’ scheme. This initiative aims to protect over 4,00,000 girls from early marriage and support their education across the state.

6. The Government of India launched the Notary Portal to modernise services under the Notaries Act, 1952 and Notaries Rules, 1956. It offers a digital platform connecting notaries appointed by the Central Government with the authorities. The portal enables online submission of applications, verification of eligibility, issuance of digital Certificates of Practice, renewals, and other related functions.

7. The Karnataka State Cabinet recently approved 18 bills ahead of the joint legislative session in 2025. These laws cover a broad spectrum of social reform, urban governance, environmental regulation, and administrative efficiency. They aim to modernise governance frameworks and address long-standing social issues in the state.

8. The Union Cabinet approved the MERITE Scheme to enhance technical education across India. It targets 275 government and government-aided institutions including engineering colleges, polytechnics, and technical universities. The scheme aligns with the National Education Policy-2020 (NEP-2020) and aims to improve quality, equity, and governance in technical education.

9. The Union government recently approved investment of over Rs. 8,000 crore in Arunachal Pradesh. This decision focuses on the construction of the 700 MW Tato-II Hydro-Electric Project in the Shi Yomi district. The project aims to strengthen the state’s power supply and contribute to the national grid. It is expected to be completed within 72 months.

10. The Government of India is advancing veterinary healthcare by proposing standardised guidelines for blood transfusion and blood banking in animals. This move aims to improve emergency and critical care for livestock and companion animals. The draft Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) seeks to establish a regulated framework for veterinary transfusion medicine across India.

11. The Government of India introduced the Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Bill, 2025 in the Lok Sabha. This Bill proposes amendments to 355 provisions across 16 Central Acts. Its primary objective is to ease the applicability of laws by decriminalising 288 minor offences and amending 67 provisions to promote ease of living. The Bill builds on the Jan Vishwas Act, 2023, which decriminalised 183 provisions in 42 Central Acts.

12. The government is actively working to ensure uniform application of the ‘creamy layer’ concept in reservations for Other Backward Classes (OBCs). This initiative aims to address inconsistencies across central and state government jobs, public sector units, universities, and other organisations.

13. The central government has initiated steps to include the Pampa River under the National River Conservation Plan (NRCP). This move aims to protect the river from pollution and degradation. The Union Ministry for Jal Shakti has requested the Kerala state government to submit a detailed report.

14. The Indian Parliament passed the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Bill in August 2025. This legislation aims to boost the mining sector by promoting transparency, enhancing production, and facilitating trade in critical minerals. The Bill introduces key reforms to the 1957 Act, focusing on strategic minerals vital for technology and industry.

15. West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee recently announced the Shramashree scheme. It aims to support migrant workers returning to the State after facing harassment elsewhere. The scheme offers a monthly stipend of Rs. 5,000 for up to one year. It also provides access to other State welfare benefits such as ration cards and free healthcare under the Swastha Sathi scheme.

16. The Government of India introduced Bill No. 110 of 2025, titled The Promotion and Regulation of Online Gaming Bill, in the Lok Sabha. Passed swiftly, the Bill marks shift from the earlier Information Technology Intermediary Rules of 2023. It aims to regulate online gaming but imposes a blanket ban on real money gaming formats.

17. India’s government recently announced the creation of 17 crore jobs over the past decade. However, the nation’s ambition to reach a $36 trillion economy by 2047 depends heavily on closing the vast productivity gap between formal and informal workers. This divide limits income growth and economic inclusion, necessitating a major structural transformation of the labour market.

18. The Haryana government issued a formal definition of forest in August 2025. This move follows directives from the Supreme Court of India, which required all states to clarify forest boundaries and conduct surveys. Haryana’s definition aims to align with judicial expectations but has drawn criticism from environmentalists for its narrow scope.

19. The Union government has recently approved the extension of the Ex-Servicemen Contributory Health Scheme (ECHS) benefits to officer cadets who are medically invalidated during training due to disabilities caused or worsened by military training. This decision aims to provide much-needed medical support and financial relief to cadets who are currently ineligible for such benefits as they do not hold ex-servicemen status.

Awards & Honours

1. The Bibi Fatima Women’s Self-Help Group (SHG) from Teertha village in Karnataka’s Dharwad district won the prestigious Equator Initiative Award 2025. This United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) prize honours community-led nature-based solutions for sustainable development and climate resilience. The Bibi Fatima SHG is the only Indian winner among ten global recipients from nine countries.

2. The Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medals (SYSM) were awarded in 2025 to seven military leaders for their distinguished service during Operation Sindoor. This operation was launched by the Indian Armed Forces in response to a terror attack in Pahalgam. This year, the Indian Air Force received the majority of medals, followed by the Army and Navy.

3. Acclaimed filmmaker Neeraj Ghaywan has once again captured the spotlight, with his latest drama Homebound sweeping the Indian Film Festival of Melbourne (IFFM) 2025. The film won Best Film and earned Ghaywan the Best Director award at the festival’s awards night held on 15^th August 2025.

4. In a historic tribute to the legacy of Professor M. S. Swaminathan, the Father of India’s Green Revolution, Prime Minister Narendra Modi today launched a global award in his name – the M. S. Swaminathan Award for Food and Peace – aimed at recognizing pathbreaking contributions to food security and sustainable agriculture across the developing world.

5. In a significant recognition of the role played by public enterprises in India’s development journey, President Droupadi Murmu presented the SCOPE Eminence Awards 2022-23 on 29^th August 2025, in New Delhi. The awards, instituted by the Standing Conference of Public Enterprises (SCOPE), honor outstanding performance across governance, innovation, and sustainability.

6. On 31^st August 2025, Educate Girls, officially known as the Foundation to Educate Girls Globally, achieved a historic feat by becoming the first Indian organisation to win the Ramon Magsaysay Award, one of Asia’s most prestigious honours. The award recognises the NGO’s relentless efforts in transforming the educational landscape for out-of-school girls in India’s remotest regions.

Sports

1. India has recently secured government approval to bid for the 2030 Commonwealth Games. Ahmedabad has been chosen as the proposed host city due to its advanced sporting infrastructure and vibrant sports culture. This decision follows the Indian Olympic Association’s endorsement and comes amid Canada’s withdrawal from the bidding process.

2. In a historic decision, the All India Football Federation (AIFF) on 1^st August 2025, appointed Khalid Jamil as the head coach of the Senior Men’s Indian National Team. The announcement came after a virtual meeting of the AIFF Executive Committee, where extensive discussions were held regarding the future direction of Indian football.

3. In a landmark moment for competitive chess, Magnus Carlsen claimed victory at the first edition of the Chess Esports World Cup (EWC 2025) in Riyadh, defeating Alireza Firouzja of Team Falcons in a dominant display. Representing Team Liquid, Carlsen further cemented his legacy by showcasing his mastery both on the board and in the new era of esports-driven chess.

4. The World Championship of Legends (WCL) 2025 Final at Edgbaston, Birmingham witnessed a spectacular display of batting mastery by AB de Villiers, as South Africa Champions defeated Pakistan Champions by 9 wickets to lift the coveted title. With this emphatic victory, South Africa became the champions of the tournament’s second edition, ending Pakistan’s dream run in the competition.

5. Cheteshwar Pujara, one of India’s most reliable Test batsmen, has retired from all forms of cricket on 24^th August 2025. He wasn’t flashy or loud on the field, but he was calm, focused, and incredibly patient. His strength was playing long innings and helping India stay strong in tough matches.

6. Indian shooter Aishwary Pratap Singh Tomar delivered a stunning performance at the 16^th Asian Shooting Championship 2025 in Shymkent, Kazakhstan, clinching the gold medal in the men’s 50-meter rifle three-position event. His victory adds to India’s growing medal tally in shooting, a sport where the country continues to shine on the global stage.

7. NorthEast United FC stamped their authority on Indian football by retaining the Durand Cup title with a dominant 6-1 victory over debutants Diamond Harbour FC in the 134^th edition of the tournament. The final, played at the Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan in Kolkata, saw the Highlanders lift the trophy for the second year in a row, becoming the first team in 25 years to successfully defend the title.

8. Indian weightlifting icon Mirabai Chanu has once again proven her mettle on the international stage by clinching gold at the 2025 Commonwealth Weightlifting Championships held in Ahmedabad. This victory marks her powerful comeback to competitive lifting, adding another illustrious chapter to her storied career.

9. Ravichandran Ashwin, one of India’s finest cricketing minds and legendary off-spinners, has officially retired from the Indian Premier League (IPL), bringing an end to a decorated domestic T20 career. Having last played for the Chennai Super Kings (CSK) in 2025, the veteran’s announcement marks the end of an era.

10. Neeraj Chopra, India’s Olympic gold medallist in javelin, delivered yet another memorable performance at the 2025 Zurich Diamond League Final, securing second place with a dramatic final throw of 85.01 m. Despite not breaching the elusive 90 m mark, the 27-year-old extended his remarkable streak to 26 consecutive top-two finishes in international competitions, reinforcing his dominance in world athletics.

11. Indian weightlifting continues to shine on the international stage, with Ajaya Babu Valluri clinching a gold medal at the Commonwealth Weightlifting Championships 2025 in Ahmedabad. His performance added to India’s growing medal tally at the event and secured his qualification for the 2026 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow.

Current Affair of August 2025

Monthly Current Affairs July 2025