Early Modern History

Q. The Renaissance began in which country? 

   A) France 

   B) Italy 

   C) Spain 

   D) Germany 

Answer: B) Italy

Q. Who is considered the “Father of the Renaissance”? 

   A) Leonardo da Vinci 

   B) Francesco Petrarch 

   C) Michelangelo 

   D) Raphael 

Answer: B) Francesco Petrarch

Q. Which book by Niccolò Machiavelli discussed political power and rulership? 

   A) Utopia 

   B) The Prince 

   C) Leviathan 

   D) The Republic 

Answer: B) The Prince

Q. The invention of the printing press is credited to? 

   A) Johannes Gutenberg 

   B) Martin Luther 

   C) William Caxton 

   D) Thomas More 

Answer: A) Johannes Gutenberg

Q. Martin Luther’s 95 Theses were primarily against what practice? 

   A) Feudalism 

   B) Indulgences 

   C) Serfdom 

   D) Corruption in the military 

Answer: B) Indulgences

Q. Which religious movement did Martin Luther initiate in 1517? 

   A) Renaissance 

   B) Counter-Reformation 

   C) Reformation 

   D) Enlightenment 

Answer: C) Reformation

Q. The Council of Trent was part of which movement? 

   A) Protestant Reformation 

   B) Counter-Reformation 

   C) Renaissance 

   D) Industrial Revolution 

Answer: B) Counter-Reformation

Q. Who founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) in 1534? 

   A) Martin Luther 

   B) John Calvin 

   C) Ignatius of Loyola 

   D) Henry VIII 

Answer: C) Ignatius of Loyola

Q. Which English monarch initiated the English Reformation? 

   A) Henry VIII 

   B) Elizabeth I 

   C) Mary I 

   D) James I 

Answer: A) Henry VIII

Q. The Treaty of Augsburg (1555) allowed German princes to choose between which two religions? 

    A) Catholicism and Calvinism 

    B) Catholicism and Lutheranism 

    C) Catholicism and Anglicanism 

    D) Catholicism and Anabaptism 

 Answer: B) Catholicism and Lutheranism

Q. The Spanish Armada was sent to invade England by which monarch? 

    A) Charles V 

    B) Ferdinand II 

    C) Philip II 

    D) Philip III 

 Answer: C) Philip II

Q. Which French monarch issued the Edict of Nantes to grant religious freedom to Protestants? 

    A) Louis XIV 

    B) Henry IV 

    C) Louis XIII 

    D) Francis I 

 Answer: B) Henry IV

Q. Which treaty ended the Thirty Years’ War in 1648? 

    A) Treaty of Versailles 

    B) Peace of Augsburg 

    C) Treaty of Westphalia 

    D) Treaty of Tordesillas 

 Answer: C) Treaty of Westphalia

Q. The “Glorious Revolution” in England (1688) led to the overthrow of which monarch? 

    A) Charles I 

    B) James II 

    C) Charles II 

    D) William III 

 Answer: B) James II

Q. Who is known for his book “Don Quixote”? 

    A) Miguel de Cervantes 

    B) Francisco de Quevedo 

    C) Gabriel García Márquez 

    D) William Shakespeare 

 Answer: A) Miguel de Cervantes

Q. Which famous playwright flourished during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I? 

    A) William Shakespeare 

    B) Christopher Marlowe 

    C) Ben Jonson 

    D) Geoffrey Chaucer 

 Answer: A) William Shakespeare

Q. The Peace of Augsburg (1555) was significant because it allowed German princes to choose the religion of their territories. What principle did it establish? 

    A) Cuius regio, eius religio 

    B) Pax Romana 

    C) Magna Carta 

    D) Balance of Power 

 Answer: A) Cuius regio, eius religio

Q. The Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) was an agreement between which two countries? 

    A) Spain and France 

    B) Spain and Portugal 

    C) Portugal and England 

    D) England and France 

 Answer: B) Spain and Portugal

Q. Which movement led to the establishment of Protestantism in Europe? 

    A) Renaissance 

    B) Reformation 

    C) Counter-Reformation 

    D) Enlightenment 

 Answer: B) Reformation

Q. The “Index of Forbidden Books” was a part of which Catholic Church effort? 

    A) The Inquisition 

    B) The Reformation 

    C) The Counter-Reformation 

    D) The Enlightenment 

 Answer: C) The Counter-Reformation

Q. Which explorer is credited with discovering the Americas in 1492? 

    A) Ferdinand Magellan 

    B) Christopher Columbus 

    C) Vasco da Gama 

    D) John Cabot 

 Answer: B) Christopher Columbus

Q. Which European country was the first to establish a sea route to India? 

    A) Spain 

    B) Portugal 

    C) England 

    D) France 

 Answer: B) Portugal

Q. Which explorer first circumnavigated the globe? 

    A) Ferdinand Magellan 

    B) Hernán Cortés 

    C) Vasco da Gama 

    D) Francis Drake 

 Answer: A) Ferdinand Magellan

Q. Which civilization did Hernán Cortés conquer in the early 16th century? 

    A) Inca 

    B) Maya 

    C) Aztec 

    D) Olmec 

 Answer: C) Aztec

Q. Which Spanish conquistador defeated the Inca Empire? 

    A) Hernán Cortés 

    B) Francisco Pizarro 

    C) Juan Ponce de León 

    D) Vasco Núñez de Balboa 

 Answer: B) Francisco Pizarro

Q. The Treaty of Tordesillas divided the New World between which two countries? 

    A) Spain and France 

    B) Spain and Portugal 

    C) Portugal and England 

    D) England and France 

 Answer: B) Spain and Portugal

Q. Which explorer reached the southern tip of Africa, naming it the Cape of Good Hope? 

    A) Vasco da Gama 

    B) Bartholomew Diaz 

    C) Ferdinand Magellan 

    D) Henry the Navigator 

 Answer: B) Bartholomew Diaz

Q. Which Italian explorer sailed under the English flag and reached Newfoundland? 

    A) Amerigo Vespucci 

    B) Christopher Columbus 

    C) John Cabot 

    D) Marco Polo 

 Answer: C) John Cabot

Q. Which Portuguese explorer discovered Brazil? 

    A) Pedro Álvares Cabral 

    B) Vasco da Gama 

    C) Ferdinand Magellan 

    D) Hernán Cortés 

 Answer: A) Pedro Álvares Cabral

Q. Which French explorer claimed parts of Canada for France? 

    A) Jacques Cartier 

    B) Samuel de Champlain 

    C) John Cabot 

    D) Robert de La Salle 

 Answer: A) Jacques Cartier

Q. The Columbian Exchange refers to the exchange of goods between which two regions? 

    A) Europe and Africa 

    B) Asia and Europe 

    C) The Americas and Europe 

    D) Asia and the Americas 

 Answer: C) The Americas and Europe

Q. The Line of Demarcation, established by the Pope in 1493, divided the New World between which countries? 

    A) Spain and France 

    B) Spain and Portugal 

    C) Portugal and England 

    D) England and France 

 Answer: B) Spain and Portugal

Q. Which explorer’s voyages led to the first European permanent settlement in the Americas? 

    A) Hernán Cortés 

    B) Christopher Columbus 

    C) Francisco Pizarro 

    D) Vasco Núñez de Balboa 

 Answer: B) Christopher Columbus

Q. Which explorer discovered the Pacific Ocean in 1513? 

    A) Ferdinand Magellan 

    B) Vasco Núñez de Balboa 

    C) Ponce de León 

    D) Francisco Pizarro 

 Answer: B) Vasco Núñez de Balboa

Q. Which Portuguese navigator is known for his role in the Age of Exploration and setting up a school of navigation? 

    A) Henry the Navigator 

    B) Ferdinand Magellan 

    C) Vasco da Gama 

    D) Bartholomew Diaz 

 Answer: A) Henry the Navigator

Q. Which Dutch explorer’s voyages were among the first to reach Australia? 

    A) Abel Tasman 

    B) Henry Hudson 

    C) Jan Pieterszoon Coen 

    D) Willem Janszoon 

 Answer: D) Willem Janszoon

Q. Which English explorer is known for his circumnavigation of the globe and his attack on Spanish settlements? 

    A) John Cabot 

    B) Francis Drake 

    C) Walter Raleigh 

    D) Henry Hudson 

 Answer: B) Francis Drake

Q. The Dutch East India Company was established to control trade in which region? 

    A) The Americas 

    B) Africa 

    C) Asia 

    D) The Mediterranean 

 Answer: C) Asia

Q. Which explorer’s voyages led to the discovery of the Strait of Magellan? 

    A) Vasco da Gama 

    B) Ferdinand Magellan 

    C) Christopher Columbus 

    D) Bartholomew Diaz 

 Answer: B) Ferdinand Magellan

Q. Which Italian explorer was the first to recognize that the New World was a separate continent from Asia? 

    A) Christopher Columbus 

    B) Amerigo Vespucci 

    C) Marco Polo 

    D) John Cabot 

 Answer: B) Amerigo Vespucci

Q. Who is known for formulating the laws of motion and universal gravitation? 

    A) Galileo Galilei 

    B) Isaac Newton 

    C) Johannes Kepler 

    D) Copernicus 

 Answer: B) Isaac Newton

Q. Which scientist is credited with developing the heliocentric theory of the solar system? 

    A) Copernicus 

    B) Galileo 

    C) Kepler 

    D) Newton 

 Answer: A) Copernicus

Q. Who is considered the father of modern observational astronomy? 

    A) Isaac Newton 

    B) Galileo Galilei 

    C) Johannes Kepler 

    D) Tycho Brahe 

 Answer: B) Galileo Galilei

Q. Which philosopher is known for his work “Discourse on the Method” and the famous statement “I think, therefore I am”? 

    A) Immanuel Kant 

    B) René Descartes 

    C) Voltaire 

    D) John Locke 

 Answer: B) René Descartes

Q. Which French philosopher wrote “The Social Contract” and believed in the concept of popular sovereignty? 

    A) Voltaire 

    B) Jean-Jacques Rousseau 

    C) Montesquieu 

    D) Denis Diderot 

 Answer: B) Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Q. Who is known for his work “The Wealth of Nations” and is considered the father of economics? 

    A) Adam Smith 

    B) David Ricardo 

    C) Karl Marx 

    D) Thomas Malthus 

 Answer: A) Adam Smith

Q. Which Enlightenment thinker advocated for the separation of powers in government? 

    A) John Locke 

    B) Montesquieu 

    C) Voltaire 

    D) Rousseau 

 Answer: B) Montesquieu

Q. The “Encyclopédie,” a comprehensive work of the Enlightenment, was edited by which philosopher? 

    A) Voltaire 

    B) Diderot 

    C) Rousseau 

    D) Locke 

 Answer: B) Diderot

Q. Which scientist is known for his laws of planetary motion? 

    A) Galileo Galilei 

    B) Isaac Newton 

    C) Johannes Kepler 

    D) Tycho Brahe 

 Answer: C) Johannes Kepler

Q. Who is considered the father of modern chemistry? 

    A) Antoine Lavoisier 

    B) Robert Boyle 

    C) Joseph Priestley 

    D) Henry Cavendish 

 Answer: A) Antoine Lavoisier

Q. The concept of the “social contract” was developed by which Enlightenment thinker? 

    A) Thomas Hobbes 

    B) John Locke 

    C) Jean-Jacques Rousseau 

    D) Voltaire 

 Answer: C) Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Q. Which English philosopher is known for his works on empiricism and the theory of mind? 

    A) John Locke 

    B) Thomas Hobbes 

    C) David Hume 

    D) George Berkeley 

 Answer: A) John Locke

Q. Which Enlightenment thinker argued for freedom of speech and criticized religious and political institutions? 

    A) John Locke 

    B) Voltaire 

    C) Rousseau 

    D) Montesquieu 

 Answer: B) Voltaire

Q. The “Spirit of the Laws,” a work that discussed the separation of powers, was written by which philosopher? 

    A) Montesquieu 

    B) Rousseau 

    C) Voltaire 

    D) Diderot 

 Answer: A) Montesquieu

Q. Which scientist is known for his work on electricity and the invention of the lightning rod? 

    A) Benjamin Franklin 

    B) Michael Faraday 

    C) Alessandro Volta 

    D) James Clerk Maxwell 

 Answer: A) Benjamin Franklin

Q. Who is known for his work “Two Treatises of Government” and is a proponent of natural rights? 

    A) Thomas Hobbes 

    B) John Locke 

    C) Jean-Jacques Rousseau 

    D) Montesquieu 

 Answer: B) John Locke

Q. Which philosopher is known for his critique of the Church and advocacy for civil liberties? 

    A) Montesquieu 

    B) Voltaire 

    C) Rousseau 

    D) Diderot 

 Answer: B) Voltaire

Q. Which Scottish philosopher wrote “A Treatise of Human Nature”? 

    A) Adam Smith 

    B) David Hume 

    C) Thomas Hobbes 

    D) George Berkeley 

 Answer: B) David Hume

Q. Which Enlightenment figure argued that economic wealth comes from productive labor? 

    A) Adam Smith 

    B) David Ricardo 

    C) Karl Marx 

    D) Thomas Malthus 

 Answer: A) Adam Smith

Q. The idea of “tabula rasa,” or the mind as a blank slate, is associated with which philosopher? 

    A) Thomas Hobbes 

    B) John Locke 

    C) Immanuel Kant 

    D) George Berkeley 

 Answer: B) John Locke

Q. The Mughal Empire was founded by which leader? 

    A) Akbar 

    B) Aurangzeb 

    C) Babur 

    D) Shah Jahan 

 Answer: C) Babur

Q. Which empire was known for its maritime dominance and the construction of the Ottoman navy? 

    A) Mughal Empire 

    B) Safavid Empire 

    C) Ottoman Empire 

    D) Ming Dynasty 

 Answer: C) Ottoman Empire

Q. Which empire was ruled by the Habsburg dynasty? 

    A) Ottoman Empire 

    B) Holy Roman Empire 

    C) Mughal Empire 

    D) Russian Empire 

 Answer: B) Holy Roman Empire

Q. Which Portuguese explorer established a sea route to India in 1498? 

    A) Vasco da Gama 

    B) Ferdinand Magellan 

    C) Christopher Columbus 

    D) Bartholomew Diaz 

 Answer: A) Vasco da Gama

Q. Which country established the Cape Colony in South Africa? 

    A) Spain 

    B) Portugal 

    C) France 

    D) Netherlands 

 Answer: D) Netherlands

Q. The Qing Dynasty in China was established by which group? 

    A) Han 

    B) Ming 

    C) Manchu 

    D) Mongol 

 Answer: C) Manchu

Early Modern History

Q. The Treaty of Paris (1763) ended which conflict? 

    A) The War of Spanish Succession 

    B) The Seven Years’ War 

    C) The American Revolution 

    D) The Napoleonic Wars 

 Answer: B) The Seven Years’ War

Q. Which European country colonized Brazil? 

    A) Spain 

    B) Portugal 

    C) France 

    D) England 

 Answer: B) Portugal

Q. Which Spanish explorer is known for his expeditions in the southwestern United States? 

    A) Hernán Cortés 

    B) Francisco Pizarro 

    C) Juan Ponce de León 

    D) Hernando de Soto 

 Answer: D) Hernando de Soto

Q. Which African empire was located in present-day Nigeria and was known for its trade and wealth? 

    A) Mali Empire 

    B) Songhai Empire 

    C) Benin Empire 

    D) Ghana Empire 

 Answer: C) Benin Empire

Q. Which British colony was established as a penal settlement in 1788? 

    A) New South Wales 

    B) Queensland 

    C) Victoria 

    D) Tasmania 

 Answer: A) New South Wales

Q. Which European power had control over the Philippines during the early modern period? 

    A) Portugal 

    B) Spain 

    C) Netherlands 

    D) France 

 Answer: B) Spain

Q. Which explorer’s voyages led to the mapping of much of Australia’s eastern coast? 

    A) James Cook 

    B) Abel Tasman 

    C) Ferdinand Magellan 

    D) Willem Janszoon 

 Answer: A) James Cook

Q. The East India Company was a major trading corporation established by which country? 

    A) France 

    B) England 

    C) Spain 

    D) Portugal 

 Answer: B) England

Q. The Treaty of Nanking (1842) ended which conflict? 

    A) The Opium War 

    B) The Taiping Rebellion 

    C) The Boxer Rebellion 

    D) The Sino-Japanese War 

 Answer: A) The Opium War

Q. The Safavid Empire is primarily associated with which modern-day country? 

    A) Turkey 

    B) Iran 

    C) India 

    D) Pakistan 

 Answer: B) Iran

Q. Which war resulted in the establishment of British control over India? 

    A) The Seven Years’ War 

    B) The Anglo-Dutch Wars 

    C) The Napoleonic Wars 

    D) The First Opium War 

 Answer: A) The Seven Years’ War

Q. Which city was the capital of the Mughal Empire at the height of its power? 

    A) Agra 

    B) Delhi 

    C) Lahore 

    D) Jaipur 

 Answer: B) Delhi

Q. Which empire controlled the trade route between Europe and Asia, known as the Silk Road? 

    A) Roman Empire 

    B) Ottoman Empire 

    C) Ming Dynasty 

    D) Mongol Empire 

 Answer: D) Mongol Empire

Q. Which empire was the primary power in the Indian subcontinent before British dominance? 

    A) Ottoman Empire 

    B) Mughal Empire 

    C) Safavid Empire 

    D) Portuguese Empire 

 Answer: B) Mughal Empire

Q. The Magna Carta was signed in which year? 

    A) 1066 

    B) 1215 

    C) 1295 

    D) 1642 

 Answer: B) 1215

Q. The English Civil War was fought between the Royalists and which other faction? 

    A) Jacobites 

    B) Parliamentarians 

    C) Whigs 

    D) Tories 

 Answer: B) Parliamentarians

Q. Which English monarch was executed during the English Civil War? 

    A) Charles I 

    B) James II 

    C) Charles II 

    D) William III 

 Answer: A) Charles I

Q. The Bill of Rights (1689) was an important document in the history of which country? 

    A) France 

    B) Spain 

    C) England 

    D) Russia 

 Answer: C) England

Q. Which French monarch was known for his absolute rule and the construction of the Palace of Versailles? 

    A) Louis XIV 

    B) Louis XVI 

    C) Henry IV 

    D) Louis XIII 

 Answer: A) Louis XIV

Q. The Glorious Revolution led to the establishment of which monarchs on the English throne? 

    A) William III and Mary II 

    B) Charles II and James II 

    C) George I and George II 

    D) Henry VII and Elizabeth I 

 Answer: A) William III and Mary II

Q. Which document formally ended the American Revolutionary War in 1783? 

    A) The Constitution 

    B) The Federalist Papers 

    C) The Treaty of Paris 

    D) The Declaration of Independence 

 Answer: C) The Treaty of Paris

Q. The “Federalist Papers” were written to support the ratification of which document? 

    A) The Declaration of Independence 

    B) The Articles of Confederation 

    C) The U.S. Constitution 

    D) The Bill of Rights 

 Answer: C) The U.S. Constitution

Q. Which American Revolutionary War battle was a turning point and led to French support for the American colonies? 

    A) The Battle of Bunker Hill 

    B) The Battle of Saratoga 

    C) The Battle of Yorktown 

    D) The Battle of Lexington and Concord 

 Answer: B) The Battle of Saratoga

Q. The “Enlightened Despots” were monarchs who adopted some principles of which intellectual movement? 

    A) Renaissance 

    B) Reformation 

    C) Enlightenment 

    D) Industrial Revolution 

 Answer: C) Enlightenment

Q. Which revolution led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy in France? 

    A) The Glorious Revolution 

    B) The American Revolution 

    C) The French Revolution 

    D) The Russian Revolution 

 Answer: C) The French Revolution

Q. Which French revolutionary leader was known for his radical policies and the Reign of Terror? 

    A) Napoleon Bonaparte 

    B) Louis XVI 

    C) Maximilien Robespierre 

    D) Georges Danton 

 Answer: C) Maximilien Robespierre

Q. The Estates-General was a representative assembly of which country? 

    A) England 

    B) Spain 

    C) France 

    D) Prussia 

 Answer: C) France

Q. Which French king was executed during the French Revolution? 

    A) Louis XVI 

    B) Charles X 

    C) Louis XVIII 

    D) Napoleon III 

 Answer: A) Louis XVI

Q. Which document declared the principles of liberty and equality during the French Revolution? 

    A) The Declaration of Independence 

    B) The Magna Carta 

    C) The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen 

    D) The Treaty of Paris 

 Answer: C) The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

Q. The “Reign of Terror” refers to which period in the French Revolution? 

    A) The Directory 

    B) The Consulate 

    C) The National Assembly 

    D) The Committee of Public Safety 

 Answer: D) The Committee of Public Safety

Q. The “Instrument of Government” was a document associated with which period in English history? 

    A) The Commonwealth 

    B) The Restoration 

    C) The Glorious Revolution 

    D) The English Civil War 

 Answer: A) The Commonwealth

Q. Which English monarch’s reign marked the beginning of the Restoration period? 

    A) Charles I 

    B) Charles II 

    C) James II 

    D) William III 

 Answer: B) Charles II

Q. The term “Laissez-faire” is associated with which economic philosophy? 

    A) Mercantilism 

    B) Socialism 

    C) Capitalism 

    D) Feudalism 

 Answer: C) Capitalism

Q. Which English monarch was known for his conflict with Parliament, leading to the English Civil War? 

    A) Henry VIII 

    B) Charles I 

    C) James II 

    D) William III 

 Answer: B) Charles I